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ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRON PHYSICS VOLUME 28A
Advances in
Electronics and Electron Physics EDITED BY L. MARTON National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.
Assistant Editor CLAIREMARTON
EDITORIAL BOARD T. E. Allibone H. B. G. Casimir W. G. Dow A. 0. C. Nier E. R. Piore
M. Ponte A. Rose L. P. Smith I?. K. Willenbrock
VOLUME 28A
1969
ACADEMIC PRESS
New York and London
Photo-Electronic Image Devices PROCEEDING8 O F THE FOURTH SYMPOSIUM HELD AT IMPERIAL COLLEGE, LONDON, SEPTEMBER 16-20, 1968
EDITED BY J. D. McGEE, O.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S. D. McMULLAN, M.A., Ph.D. E. KAHAN, B.Sc., Ph.D. AND
B. L. MORGAN, B.Sc., Ph.D. Department of Physics, Imperial College, University of London
1969
ACADEMIC PRESS
London and New York
COPYRIGHT
0 1969 B Y ACADEMICP R E S S INC.(LONDON)LTD. ALL RIGHTS BESERVED
NO PART O F T B I S BOOK MAY B E REPRODUCED I N A N Y FORM
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Library of Congress Catalog Card Niimber 49-7504
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS H. D. ABLES, Flagstaff Station, U.S. Naval Observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona, U.S.A. (p. 1) R. W. AIREY, Applied Physics Department, Imperial College, University of London, London, England (p. 89) N. ARMAD,Department of Pure and Applied Physics, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland (p. 999) H. ANDERTON,Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Electronic Tube Divkion, Elmira, New York, U.S.A. (p. 229) M. ASANO, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of ElectroCommunications, Chofu City, Tokyo, Japan (pp. 309, 381) H. BACIK, Applied Physics Department, Imperial College, University of London, London, England (p. 61) G. S. BAKKEN, Physic8 Department, Rice UniverBity, Houston, Texaa, U.S.A. (P. 907) M. E. BARNETT,Applied Physics Department, Imperial College, University of London, London, England (p. 545) J . R. BASKETT, A.C. Electronics, Defense Research Laboratories, General Motors Corporation, Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A. (p. 1021) c . W. BATES,JR., varian Associates, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A. (pp. 451, 545) W. A. BAUM,Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona, U.S.A. (p. 753) W. BAUMOARTNER, Institut f u r Technische Physik, E T H , Zurich, Switzerland (P. 151) J . E. BECKMAN, Physics Department, Queen Mary College, University of London, London, England (p. 801). It, L. BEURLE,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nottingham University, Nottingham, England (pp. 635, 1043) R. R. BEYER, Westinghouae Electric Corporation, Electronic Tube Division, Elmira, New York, U.S.A. (pp. 105, 229) 1’. BIED-CHARRETON, Observatoire de Paris, Paria, Prance (p. 27) A. BIJAOUI, Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France (p. 27) M. BLAMOUTIER, Compagnie Franpise Thomaon-Houston, Paris, France (p. 273) A. H. BOERIO, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Electronic Tube Division, Elmira, New York, U.S.A. (p. 159) A. BOKSENBERG, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Physics Department, U n i versity College, London, England (p. 297) I. S. BOWEN, M t . Wilson and Palomar Observatories, Carnegie Institution of Washington, California Institute of Technology, Paaadena, Calqornia, U.S.A. (P. 767) P. W. J . L. BRAND,Department of Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal observatory, Edinburgh, Scotland (pp. 737, 783) F. LE CARVENNEC, Compagnie Gknkrals de Tklkgraphie Sans Fil, Paria, France (P. 265) W. N. CHARMAN, Atomic Energy Reaearch Establishment, Harw