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ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRON PHYSICS VOLUME 28A Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics EDITED BY L. MARTON National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. Assistant Editor CLAIREMARTON EDITORIAL BOARD T. E. Allibone H. B. G. Casimir W. G. Dow A. 0. C. Nier E. R. Piore M. Ponte A. Rose L. P. Smith I?. K. Willenbrock VOLUME 28A 1969 ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London Photo-Electronic Image Devices PROCEEDING8 O F THE FOURTH SYMPOSIUM HELD AT IMPERIAL COLLEGE, LONDON, SEPTEMBER 16-20, 1968 EDITED BY J. D. McGEE, O.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S. D. McMULLAN, M.A., Ph.D. E. KAHAN, B.Sc., Ph.D. AND B. L. MORGAN, B.Sc., Ph.D. Department of Physics, Imperial College, University of London 1969 ACADEMIC PRESS London and New York COPYRIGHT 0 1969 B Y ACADEMICP R E S S INC.(LONDON)LTD. ALL RIGHTS BESERVED NO PART O F T B I S BOOK MAY B E REPRODUCED I N A N Y FORM B Y PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM OR A N Y OTHER MEANS WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. Berkeley Square House Berkeley Square, London W 1X 6BA U.S. Edition Published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. 11 1 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10003 Library of Congress Catalog Card Niimber 49-7504 SRN 12-014528-6 PRINTED I N GREAT BRITAIN B Y THE WHITEBRIARS PRESS, LONDON A N D TONBRIDGE LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS H. D. ABLES, Flagstaff Station, U.S. Naval Observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona, U.S.A. (p. 1) R. W. AIREY, Applied Physics Department, Imperial College, University of London, London, England (p. 89) N. ARMAD,Department of Pure and Applied Physics, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland (p. 999) H. ANDERTON,Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Electronic Tube Divkion, Elmira, New York, U.S.A. (p. 229) M. ASANO, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of ElectroCommunications, Chofu City, Tokyo, Japan (pp. 309, 381) H. BACIK, Applied Physics Department, Imperial College, University of London, London, England (p. 61) G. S. BAKKEN, Physic8 Department, Rice UniverBity, Houston, Texaa, U.S.A. (P. 907) M. E. BARNETT,Applied Physics Department, Imperial College, University of London, London, England (p. 545) J . R. BASKETT, A.C. Electronics, Defense Research Laboratories, General Motors Corporation, Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A. (p. 1021) c . W. BATES,JR., varian Associates, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A. (pp. 451, 545) W. A. BAUM,Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona, U.S.A. (p. 753) W. BAUMOARTNER, Institut f u r Technische Physik, E T H , Zurich, Switzerland (P. 151) J . E. BECKMAN, Physics Department, Queen Mary College, University of London, London, England (p. 801). It, L. BEURLE,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nottingham University, Nottingham, England (pp. 635, 1043) R. R. BEYER, Westinghouae Electric Corporation, Electronic Tube Division, Elmira, New York, U.S.A. (pp. 105, 229) 1’. BIED-CHARRETON, Observatoire de Paris, Paria, Prance (p. 27) A. BIJAOUI, Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France (p. 27) M. BLAMOUTIER, Compagnie Franpise Thomaon-Houston, Paris, France (p. 273) A. H. BOERIO, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Electronic Tube Division, Elmira, New York, U.S.A. (p. 159) A. BOKSENBERG, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Physics Department, U n i versity College, London, England (p. 297) I. S. BOWEN, M t . Wilson and Palomar Observatories, Carnegie Institution of Washington, California Institute of Technology, Paaadena, Calqornia, U.S.A. (P. 767) P. W. J . L. BRAND,Department of Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal observatory, Edinburgh, Scotland (pp. 737, 783) F. LE CARVENNEC, Compagnie Gknkrals de Tklkgraphie Sans Fil, Paria, France (P. 265) W. N. CHARMAN, Atomic Energy Reaearch Establishment, Harw