ADVANCES IN Immunology VOLUME 73 This Page Intentionally Left Blank ADVANCES IN Immunology EDITED BY FRANK J. DIXON The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, California ASSOCIATE EDITORS Frederick Alt K. Frank Austen Tadamitsu Kishimoto Fritz Melchers Jonathan W. Uhr VOLUME 73 ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto This Page Intentionally Left Blank CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS ix Mechanisms of Exogenous Antigen Presentation by MHC Class I Molecules in Vitro and in Vivo: Implications for Generating CD8⫹ T Cell Responses to Infectious Agents, Tumors, Transplants, and Vaccines JONATHAN W. YEWDELL, CHRISTOPHER C. NORBURY, AND JACK R. BENNINK I. Introduction II. Supporting Information III. Processing and Presentation of Exogenous Antigens: Reviewing the Recent Literature IV. Conclusion: Basic Questions References 1 4 26 63 64 Signal Transduction Pathways That Regulate the Fate of B Lymphocytes ANDREW CRAXTON, KEVIN OTIPOBY, AIMIN JIANG, AND EDWARD A. CLARK I. II. III. IV. V. Introduction B Cell Antigen Receptor Complex Coreceptor Regulation of BCR Signaling Regulation of BCR-Induced Responses by CD40 CD95/Fas-Mediated Signaling and BCR-Mediated Resistance to CD95/Fas-Induced Death VI. General Comments and Concluding Remarks References 79 89 106 122 132 134 135 Oral Tolerance: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications ANA FARIA AND HOWARD L. WEINER I. II. III. IV. Introduction Mechanisms of Oral Tolerance Immune Functions Affected by Oral Tolerance Factors Affecting Oral Tolerance Induction and Maintenance v 153 158 174 178 vi CONTENTS V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. Modulation of Oral Tolerance Nasal Tolerance Other Forms of Antigen-Driven Tolerance Treatment of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases in Animals Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases in Humans Future Directions References 201 203 206 208 225 232 232 Caspases and Cytokines: Roles in Inflammation and Autoimmunity JOHN C. REED I. II. III. IV. Introduction The Caspase Family Caspases and Cytokines Conclusions References 265 265 267 287 287 T Cell Dynamics in HIV-1 Infection DAWN R. CLARK, ROB J. DE BOER, KATJA C. WOLTHERS, AND FRANK MIEDEMA I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. Introduction Normal T Cell Renewal from Progenitors T Cell Renewal from Progenitors in HIV-1 Infection Getting Quantitative on CD4⫹ T Cell Production Measuring Cell Division with the Ki67 mAb What Is the Cause of CD4⫹ T Cell Depletion in HIV-1 Infection? Appendix: Summarizing in Terms of a Mathematical Model References 301 303 305 309 316 320 323 324 Bacterial CpG DNA Activates Immune Cells to Signal Infectious Danger HERMANN WAGNER I. Introduction II. Bacterial DNA and CpG Motifs: History of Unraveling Immunobiology III. Binding and Cellular Uptake of ODNs IV. Sequence-Independent Effects of the Backbone V. CpG DNA Sequence-Specific Effects on B Cells VI. CpG DNA Sequence-Specific Effects on APCs VII. CpG DNA Effects on T Cells VIII. CpG[S]ODN Effects on NK Cells IX. CpG Motifs Affect Plasmid DNA Biology in Gene Vaccination X. Sequence-Specific Effects of Poly(G) Motifs XI. Immunosuppressive CpG DNA Motifs XII. CpG-ODN-Mediated Signaling 32