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Advances in Immunology presents current developments as well as comprehensive reviews in immunology. Articles address the wide range of topics that comprise immunology, including molecular and cellular activation mechanisms, phylogeny and molecular evolution, and clinical modalities. Edited and authored by the foremost scientists in the field, each volume provides up-to-date information and directions for future research.
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ADVANCES IN
Immunology VOLUME 73
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ADVANCES IN
Immunology EDITED BY FRANK J. DIXON The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, California ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Frederick Alt K. Frank Austen Tadamitsu Kishimoto Fritz Melchers Jonathan W. Uhr
VOLUME 73
ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto
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CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS
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Mechanisms of Exogenous Antigen Presentation by MHC Class I Molecules in Vitro and in Vivo: Implications for Generating CD8⫹ T Cell Responses to Infectious Agents, Tumors, Transplants, and Vaccines
JONATHAN W. YEWDELL, CHRISTOPHER C. NORBURY, AND JACK R. BENNINK I. Introduction II. Supporting Information III. Processing and Presentation of Exogenous Antigens: Reviewing the Recent Literature IV. Conclusion: Basic Questions References
1 4 26 63 64
Signal Transduction Pathways That Regulate the Fate of B Lymphocytes
ANDREW CRAXTON, KEVIN OTIPOBY, AIMIN JIANG, AND EDWARD A. CLARK I. II. III. IV. V.
Introduction B Cell Antigen Receptor Complex Coreceptor Regulation of BCR Signaling Regulation of BCR-Induced Responses by CD40 CD95/Fas-Mediated Signaling and BCR-Mediated Resistance to CD95/Fas-Induced Death VI. General Comments and Concluding Remarks References
79 89 106 122 132 134 135
Oral Tolerance: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications
ANA FARIA AND HOWARD L. WEINER I. II. III. IV.
Introduction Mechanisms of Oral Tolerance Immune Functions Affected by Oral Tolerance Factors Affecting Oral Tolerance Induction and Maintenance v
153 158 174 178
vi
CONTENTS
V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X.
Modulation of Oral Tolerance Nasal Tolerance Other Forms of Antigen-Driven Tolerance Treatment of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases in Animals Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases in Humans Future Directions References
201 203 206 208 225 232 232
Caspases and Cytokines: Roles in Inflammation and Autoimmunity
JOHN C. REED I. II. III. IV.
Introduction The Caspase Family Caspases and Cytokines Conclusions References
265 265 267 287 287
T Cell Dynamics in HIV-1 Infection
DAWN R. CLARK, ROB J. DE BOER, KATJA C. WOLTHERS, AND FRANK MIEDEMA I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.
Introduction Normal T Cell Renewal from Progenitors T Cell Renewal from Progenitors in HIV-1 Infection Getting Quantitative on CD4⫹ T Cell Production Measuring Cell Division with the Ki67 mAb What Is the Cause of CD4⫹ T Cell Depletion in HIV-1 Infection? Appendix: Summarizing in Terms of a Mathematical Model References
301 303 305 309 316 320 323 324
Bacterial CpG DNA Activates Immune Cells to Signal Infectious Danger
HERMANN WAGNER I. Introduction II. Bacterial DNA and CpG Motifs: History of Unraveling Immunobiology III. Binding and Cellular Uptake of ODNs IV. Sequence-Independent Effects of the Backbone V. CpG DNA Sequence-Specific Effects on B Cells VI. CpG DNA Sequence-Specific Effects on APCs VII. CpG DNA Effects on T Cells VIII. CpG[S]ODN Effects on NK Cells IX. CpG Motifs Affect Plasmid DNA Biology in Gene Vaccination X. Sequence-Specific Effects of Poly(G) Motifs XI. Immunosuppressive CpG DNA Motifs XII. CpG-ODN-Mediated Signaling
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