Compensation Systems For Low Temperature Applications

Blazej T. SkoczeIi Compensation Systems for Low Temperature Applications Blazej T. Skoczen Compensation Systems for low Temperature Applications With 178 Figures ~ Springer BlaZej T. Skoczeri (PhD, DSc.) CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research Department of Accelerator Technologies CH -1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland and Cracow University of Technology Institute of Applied Mechanics AI. Jana Pawla 11 37, PL-31-864 Krak6w, Poland e-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-3-642-06066-3 ISBN 978-3-662-06305-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-06305-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2004107592 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitations, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 2004 The use of general descriptive names, registered names trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: data delivered by author Cover design: medio Technologies AG, Berlin Printed on acid free paper 62/3020/M - 5 43 210 To my wife Dorota for her patience and understanding Preface The present monograph is mainly focused on the behaviour of ductile materials at cryogenic temperatures, stability issues concerning application of corrugated shells at cryogenic conditions and reliability oriented parametric optimisation of compensation systems containing the corrugated bellows. As there are relatively few publications on combined material and structural behaviour at very low temperatures, the monograph aims at filling this gap. It is worth pointing out that within the class of publications dedicated to low temperature behaviour of materials and structures the majority is based on testing down to the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K). Rare publications deal with the analysis of material and structural response at the temperature of liquid helium (4.5 K) or superfluid helium (below the point T>., = 2.17 K). This can be explained by the fact that an (by its nature complex) installation for testing at such low temperatures is very expensive. Only the large re