THIRD GENERATION PHOTOVOLTAICS Edited by Vasilis Fthenakis
Third Generation Photovoltaics Edited by Vasilis Fthenakis
Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Anja Filipovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from
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Third Generation Photovoltaics, Edited by Vasilis Fthenakis p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0304-2
Contents Preface VII Chapter 1
Solar Spectrum Conversion for Photovoltaics Using Nanoparticles 1 W.G.J.H.M. van Sark, A. Meijerink and R.E.I. Schropp
Chapter 2
Multi-Scale Modeling of Bulk Heterojunctions for Organic Photovoltaic Applications 29 Varuni Dantanarayana, David M. Huang, Jennifer A. Staton, Adam J. Moulé and Roland Faller
Chapter 3
Organic Photovoltaics: Technologies and Manufacturing Yulia Galagan and Ronn Andriessen
Chapter 4
Life Cycle Assessment of Organic Photovoltaics Annick Anctil and Vasilis Fthenakis
Chapter 5
Investigating New Materials and Architectures for Grätzel Cells 111 Alex Polizzotti, Jacob Schual-Berke, Erika Falsgraf and Malkiat Johal
Chapter 6
Nonisovalent Alloys for Photovoltaics Applications: Modelling IV-Doped III-V Alloys 141 Giacomo Giorgi, Hiroki Kawai and Koichi Yamashita
Chapter 7
Concentrated Photovoltaics 167 Robert McConnell and Vasilis Fthenakis
Chapter 8
Durable Polymeric Films for Increasing the Performance of Concentrators 183 T. J. Hebrink
Chapter 9
Performance of Photovoltaics Under Actual Operating Conditions 201 George Makrides, Bastian Zinsser, Matthew Norton and George E. Georghiou
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Preface The quest for alternative sustainable energy sources has led us to the third generation of photovoltaics. The feasibility for PV to become a major contributor in the electricity mixture of the U.S. and other major energy consuming countries has been proven. The production and sales of photovoltaics have increased by an average of 45% per year over the last fifteen years. As with all energy-generation technologies, PV deployment is subsid