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Science in the Contemporary World Other Titles in ABC-CLIO’s History of Science Series Science in the Ancient World, Russell Lawson Science in the Enlightenment, William E. Burns Science in the Early Twentieth Century, Jacob Hamblin Science in the Contemporary World An Encyclopedia Eric G. Swedin Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England © 2005 by Eric G. Swedin All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Swedin, Eric Gottfrid. Science in the contemporary world : an encyclopedia / Eric G. Swedin. p. cm. (ABC-CLIO’s history of science series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-85109-524-1 (hardback : acid-free paper)–ISBN 1-85109-529-2 (eBook) 1. Science—Encyclopedias. I.Title. II. Series: ABC-CLIO’s history of science series. Q121.S94 2005 503—dc22 2004026950 07 06 05 04 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is available on the World Wide Web as an e-book.Visit abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper . Manufactured in the United States of America Dedicated to my wife, an unabashed science enthusiast, Betty Jean Harris Swedin Contents Preface and Acknowledgments, xi Introduction, xiii Topic Finder, xxiii Science in the Contemporary World: An Encyclopedia A Biology and the Life Sciences, 33 Biotechnology, 36 Birth Control Pill, 37 Black Holes, 40 Boyer, Herbert (1936–), 41 Broecker,Wallace S. (1931–), 42 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndr