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Europe's long sixteenth century--a period spanning the years roughly from the voyages of Columbus in the 1490s to the English Civil War in the 1640s--was an era of power struggles between avaricious and unscrupulous princes, inquisitions and torture chambers, and religious differences of ever more violent fervor. Ideas of Liberty in Early Modern Europe argues that this turbulent age also laid the conceptual foundations of our modern ideas about liberty, justice, and democracy. Hilary Gatti shows how these ideas emerged in response to the often-violent entrenchment of monarchical power and the fragmentation of religious authority, against the backdrop of the westward advance of Islam and the discovery of the New World. She looks at Machiavelli's defense of republican political liberty, and traces how liberty became intertwined with free will and religious pluralism in the writings of Luther, Erasmus, Jean Bodin, and Giordano Bruno. She examines how the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and the clash of science and religion gave rise to concepts of liberty as freedom of thought and expression. Returning to Machiavelli and moving on to Jacques Auguste de Thou, Paolo Sarpi, and Milton, Gatti delves into debates about the roles of parliamentary government and a free press in guaranteeing liberties. Drawing on a breadth of canonical and lesser-known writings, Ideas of Liberty in Early Modern Europe reveals how an era stricken by war and injustice gave birth to a more enlightened world. Review: "Gatti offers a lucid primer of some famous and other less well known texts and debates of the period ... an eloquent analysis of the rich tradition of thinking about liberty in the early modern period."--Victoria Kahn, Times Literary Supplement "[An] illuminating book."--Jacqueline Broad, Times Higher Education "[Gatti] offers thorough, sweeping treatments of major figures in this period--Machiavelli, Luther, Shakespeare, Bruno, Milton--as well as many minor writers... Gatti helpfully situates all the discussions of the period in historical context. This book will be useful for upper-level students and scholars of the history of political thought."--J. Church, Choice "Ideas of Liberty is a learned, carefully wrought, and fine-grained study."--Henry C. Clark, Review of Politics
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Ide as of Libert y in E a r ly Moder n Europe Ideas of Liberty in Early Modern Europe F rom M ac h i av e l l i t o M i lt on Hilary Gatti Pr inceton Uni v er sit y Pr ess Princeton & Oxford Copyright © 2015 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu Jacket image: Allegorical illustration of Libertà from Cesare Ripa, Iconologia overo Descrittione di diverse Imagini cauate dall’antichità, & di propria inuentione . . ., Rome, 1603, page 293. All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gatti, Hilary. Ideas of liberty in early modern Europe : from Machiavelli to Milton / Hilary Gatti. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-691-16383-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Liberty—History— 16th century. 2. Liberty—History—17th century. 3. Political science—Europe— History—16th century. 4. Political science—Europe—History— 17th century. I. Title. JC585.G365 2015 320.01ʹ1—dc23 2014013540 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Adobe Garamond Pro and Poetica Std Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ Printed in the United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduc t ion 1 Chapter 1 Political Liberty Niccolò Machiavelli: Liberty and the Law 11 Niccolò Machiavelli: Liberty and Fortuna 16 Nic