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CARDIOLOGY Dr. H. Ross Chris Hayes, Joe Pham and Stacey Shapira, editors Neil Fam, associate editor BASIC CLINICAL CARDIOLOGY EXAM . . . . . . . . 2 Functional Classification of Cardiovascular Disability Cardiac Examination CARDIAC DIAGNOSTIC TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ECG Interpretation- The Basics Hypertrophy and Chamber Enlargement Ischemia/Infarction Miscellaneous ECG Changes Ambulatory ECG ( Holter Monitor) Echocardiography Exercise Tests Radionuclide Angiography Nuclear Imaging ARRHYTHMIAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Mechanisms of Arrhythmias Altered Impulse Formation Altered Impulse Conduction Clinical Approach to Arrhythmias Bradyarrhythmias Tachyarrhythmias Other Etiologic Factors Preexcitation Syndromes Conduction Delays Pacemaker Indications Pacing Techniques ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Background Angina Pectoris Unstable Angina Sudden Death Acute Myocardial Infarction CARDIOMYOPATHIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Myocarditis VALVULAR HEART DISEASE. . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Infective Endocarditis Rheumatic Fever Aortic Stenosis Aortic Regurgitation Mitral Stenosis Mitral Regurgitation Mitral Valve Prolapse Tricuspid Valve Disease Pulmonary Valve Disease Prosthetic Valves PERICARDIAL DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Acute Pericarditis Percardial Effusion Cardiac Tamponade Constrictive Pericarditis SYNCOPE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 COMMONLY USED CARDIAC. . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 THERAPEUTICS (TABLES) Tables Calcium Channel Blockers Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs APPENDIX: SAMPLE ECG’S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 HEART FAILURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Definition Pathophysiology Etiology Compensatory Responses Systolic vs. Diastolic