PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH VOLUME 178 CULTURAL NEUROSCIENCE: CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON BRAIN FUNCTION EDITED BY JOAN Y. CHIAO Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA AMSTERDAM – BOSTON – HEIDELBERG – LONDON – NEW YORK – OXFORD PARIS – SAN DIEGO – SAN FRANCISCO – SINGAPORE – SYDNEY – TOKYO Elsevier 360 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010-1710 Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands First edition 2009 Copyright r 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email:
[email protected] Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-444-53361-6 (this volume) ISSN: 0079-6123 (Series) For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at elsevierdirect.com Printed and bound in Great Britain 09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 List of Contributors N. Ambady, Psychology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA A. Aron, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA M.J. Boivin, International Neurologic and Psychiatric Epidemiology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing; Neuropsychology Section, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA R.A. Brown, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA Chuansheng Chen, Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Chunhui Chen, Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China J.Y. Chiao, Departmen