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9894 At the Margins 3/7/03 1:28 PM Page i At the Margins of the Renaissance 9894 At the Margins 3/7/03 1:28 PM Page ii Gregorio Comanini: Il Figino, Or the Purpose of Painting. Art Criticism in the Age of Mannerism (co-author with Ann Doyle-Anderson) The Picaresque: Tradition and Displacement Leonardo da Vinci: The Daedalian Mythmaker The Portrait of Eccentricity: Arcimboldo and the Mannerist Grotesque The Cornucopian Mind and the Baroque Unity of the Arts Adam “New Born and Perfect”: The Renaissance Promise of Eternity 9894 At the Margins 3/7/03 1:28 PM Page iii At the Margins of the Renaissance and the Picaresque Art of Survival Giancarlo Maiorino , 9894 At the Margins 3/7/03 1:28 PM Page iv Disclaimer: Some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. Publication of this book has been aided by a grant from the Program for Cultural Cooperation between Spain’s Ministry of Culture and United States’ Universities. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Maiorino, Giancarlo, 1943– At the margins of the Renaissance : Lazarillo de Tormes and the picaresque art of survival / Giancarlo Maiorino. p. cm. — (Penn State studies in Romance literatures) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-271-02279-5 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Lazarillo de Tormes. 2. Spain—Social conditions—To 1800. 3. Picaresque literature, Spanish—History and criticism. 4. Survival in literature. 5. Poverty in literature. 6. Literature and society—Spain. I. Title. II. Series. PQ6409 .M35 2003 863′.3—dc21 2002153403 Copyright © 2003 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Published by The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA 16802-1003 It is the policy of The Pennsylvania State University Press to use acid-free paper. Publications on uncoated stock satisfy the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1992. 9894 At the Margins 3/7/03 1:28 PM Page v For Benito Brancaforte, teacher and mentor, homebound to the culture of our Mediterranean Renaissance 9894 At the Margins 3/7/03 1:28 PM Page vi 9894 At the Margins 3/7/03 1:28 PM Page vii Acknowledgments • List of Illustrations • 1 Econopoetics and the Great Chain of Handouts • 2 The Mousetrap: The Price of Staying Alive • 3 Inconspicuous Consumption: Of Toothpicks and Leftovers • 4 The Water Carrier: From Subsistence to Prosperity • 5 The Economic Culture of Toledan Provecho • 6 Lázaro de Tormes: What’s in a Name? • 7 Will Lazarus Ever Be a Wage Earner? • 8 The Cost of Education: A Tale of Two Cities • 9 The Economy of Genre • Epilogue at the Margins: Whose Renaissance? • 143 Notes • 145 Works Cited • 163 Index • 181 9894 At the Margins 3/7/03 1:28 PM Page viii 9894 At the Margins 3/7/03 1:28 PM Page ix its immediate roots in the Spanish lifestyle of southern Italy, where, for better or worse, dispossessed scugnizzi still body forth picaresque palimpsests amid the resilient culture of spagnolismo. I am grateful to Ann Doyle-Anderson, Edward Friedman, Howard Mancing, and Benito Brancaforte for