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Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics and Transport Phenomena Jean-Laurent Peube This page intentionally left blank Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics and Transport Phenomena This page intentionally left blank Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics and Transport Phenomena Jean-Laurent Peube First published in France in 2006 by Hermes Science/Lavoisier entitled Physique des écoulements et des transferts in volumes 1 and 2 © LAVOISIER, 2006 First published in Great Britain and the United States in 2009 by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd, 2009 The rights of Jean-Laurent Peube to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Peube, J. L. [Physique des écoulements et des transferts. English] Fundamentals of fluid mechanics and transport phenomena / Jean-Laurent Peube. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84821-065-3 1. Fluid mechanics. 2. Transport theory. I. Title. TA357.P49813 2008 620.1'06--dc22 2008036553 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-84821-065-3 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire. Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Chapter 1. Thermodynamics of Discrete Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1. The representational bases of a material system 1.1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2. Systems analysis and thermodynamics . . . 1.1.3. The notion of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.4. Processes and systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. Axioms of thermostatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2. Extensive quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3. Energy, work and heat . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3. Consequences of the axioms of thermostatics . 1.3.1. Intensive variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2. Thermodynamic potentials . . . . . . . . . . 1.4. Out-of-equilibrium states. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2. Discontinuous systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.3. Application to heat engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 8 11 13 15 15 16 20 21 21 23 29 29 30 45 Chapter 2. Thermodynamics of Continuous Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.1. Thermostatics of continuous media. . . . . . 2.1.1. Reduced extensive quantities . . . . . . 2.1.2. Local thermodynamic equilibrium . . . 2.1.3. Flux of extensive quantities . . . . . . . 2.1.4. Balance equations in continuous media 2.1.5. Phenomenological laws . . . . . . . . . . 2.2. Fluid statics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1. General equations of fluid statics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .