Optika

Vaidutis Antanas ŠALNA Fizikos olimpas Vilnius 2004 www.olimpas.lt UDK 535(075.3) Ša58 3DUHQJ¡9LOQLDXVXQLYHUVLWHWRGRF9DLGXWLVAntanas ŠALNA 5HFHQ]DYRSURI9\WDXWDV%$/(9,ý,86 5HGDNWRU¡$OGRQD.587,1,(1  Šalna, Vaidutis Antanas Optika. – Vilnius, Fizikos olimpas. 2004 0RN\PR NQ\JD \SDWLQJDL JDELÐ PRNLQLÐ SDSLOGRPR XJG\PR PRN\NORV ³)L]LNRV ROLPSDV´ PRNVOHLYLDPV /HLGLQLX JDOL QDXGRWLV LU NLWL PRNVOHLYLDL EHL DXNãWÐMÐ PRN\NOÐ studentai Nuo 2003 01 30 šLPRN\PRNQ\JD\UDLULQWHUQHWRVYHWDLQ¡MHwww.olimpas.lt  Vaidutis Antanas Šalna, 2004  Fizikos olimpas, 2004 ISBN 9986-778-04-2 www.olimpas.lt TURINYS %$1*,1 6â9,(6267(25,-26²9$'$6.................................................... 6 1.1. +DUPRQLQLDLYLUSHVLDL0RQRFKURPDWLQ¡VEDQJRV .................................................. 6 1.2. Superpozicijos principas......................................................................................... 7 1.3. Elektrinio dipolio spinduliavimas........................................................................... 7 1.4. (OHNWURPDJQHWLQLÐEDQJÐSROLDUL]DFLMD ................................................................... 8 1.5. 9LUSHVLÐLUEDQJÐVXG¡WLV...................................................................................... 10 2. ŠVIESOS SKLIDIMAS IZOTROP,1 -(7(53 -( ...................................... 12 2.1. Šviesos dispersija.................................................................................................. 12 2.2. Šviesos sugertis..................................................................................................... 14 âYLHVRVDWVSLQG\VLUOÌåLV ...................................................................................... 16 9LVLãNDVLVYLGDXVDWVSLQG\VâYLHVRODLGåLDL .......................................................... 20 â9,(6266./,',0$6$1,=27523,1 -(7(53 -( ................................. 22 .ULVWDOÐRSWLNRVSDJULQGDL..................................................................................... 22 3.2. Šviesos sklidimas vienašiuose kristaluose ............................................................ 26 3.3. Poliarizacijos plokštumos sukimas ....................................................................... 29 3.4. Poliarizatoriai........................................................................................................ 30 4. ŠVIESOS INTERFERENCIJA ....................................................................... 33 4.1. Koherentiniai virpesiai ir bangos.......................................................................... 33 ,QWHUIHUHQFLMRVVWHE¡MLPRPHWRGDL......................................................................... 35 1HPRQRFKURPDWLQ¡VãYLHVRVLQWHUIHUHQFLja .......................................................... 36 3ORQÐMÐSO¡YHOLÐVSDOYRV ....................................................................................... 37 9LHQRGRVWRULRLUYLHQRGRSROLQNLRLQWHUIHUHQFLQ¡VMXRVWHO¡V ............................... 38 'LHOHNWULQLDLYHLGURGåLDL2SWLNRVVNDLGULQLPDV ................................................... 40 4.7. Interferenciniai šviesos filtrai ............................................................................... 40 4.8. Interferencijos taikymas........................................................................................ 42 5. ŠVIESOS DIFRAKCIJA .............................................................................. 45 5.1. Hiuigenso ir Frenelio principas............................................................................. 45 5.2. Frenelio zonos....................................................................................................... 46