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Comprehensive in scope and accessible to all reader levels, The Encyclopedia of Global Warming Science and Technology covers a vast range of topics, concepts, issues, processes, and scientists sifted and melded from the many scientific and technological fields. These include atmospheric chemistry, paleoclimatology, biogeography, oceanography, geophysics, glaciology, soil science, and more.Bruce E. Johansen digests the explosion of scientific work on global warming that has been published since 1980 and presents it in a set that is sure to be the indispensable standard reference work on the topic. The information here is of importance to just about everyone on the planet—for the findings of global warming science and technology should dictate the choices we make today to secure our common future. This encyclopedia will prove useful for many different types of professionals, inasmuch as global warming science informs public policy debates, applied science, and technology in such fields as energy generation, architecture, engineering, and agriculture.
E-Book Content
The Encyclopedia of Global Warming Science and Technology This page intentionally left blank The Encyclopedia of Global Warming Science and Technology Volume 1: A–H Bruce E. Johansen GREENWOOD PRESS An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England Copyright C 2009 by Bruce E. Johansen All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Johansen, Bruce E. (Bruce Elliott), 1950– The encyclopedia of global warming science and technology / Bruce E. Johansen. v. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v. 1. A–H—v. 2. I–Z. ISBN 978-0-313-37702-0 (hard copy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-313-37703-7 (ebook) 1. Global warming—Encyclopedias. 2. Climatic changes—Encyclopedias. I. Title. QC981.8.G56J638 2009 577.270 603—dc22 2009005295 13 12 11 10 9 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents List of Entries vii Guide to Related Topics xi Preface xv Introduction xix Encyclopedia 1 Bibliography 611 Index 707 This page intentionally left blank List of Entries Acidity and Rising Carbon-Dioxide Levels in the Oceans Adirondacks and Warming Aerosols and Climate Change Agriculture and Warming Air Conditioning and Atmospheric Chemistry Air Travel Alaska, Global Warming in Albedo Alligators Spread Northward Alps (and Elsewhere in Europe), Glacial Erosion Amazon Valley, Drought and Warming Amphibians, Extinctions and Warming Anchovies Spread Northward Andes, Glacial Retreat Antarctica and Climate Change Antarctica and Debate over Inland Cooling Antarctica and Speed of Ice Melt Antarctic Oscillation Antarctic Paleoclimatic Precedents Antarctic Peninsula and Ice Shelf Collapse Antarctic Peninsula and Warming Anthropogenic Warming in the Twentieth Century Arctic and Climate Change Arctic Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum Arctic Walker Swamped by Melting Ice Arctic Warming and Native Peoples Armadillos Spread Northward Arrhenius, Savante August (1859–1927) Asthma Australia: Heat, Drought, and Wildfires Automobiles and Gre