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The Fossil Record A SYMPOSIUM WITH DOCUMENTATION jointly sponsored by the Geological Society of London and the Palaeontological Association Edited by W. B. H A R L A N D C. H. M. N. A. F. E. HOUSE HUGHES B. j. M. G. HOLLAND R. REYNOLDS S. R U D W I C K SATTERTHWAITE L. B. E. H. C. TARLO WILLEY Published by the GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY B U R L I N G T O N HOUSE 1967 OF 9 LONDON LONDON 9 W1 The papers in Parts I and III of this volume were presented and discussed at a joint meeting of the Geological Society of London and the Palaeontological Association held in the Department of Geology, University College of Swansea, on 20-21 December 1965. Published by the Geological Society of London Burlington House, London w 1 October 1967 Printed in Northern Ireland by The Universities Press, Belfast 9 Geological Society of London 1967 References to this volume It is r e c o m m e n d e d that reference to the whole or part of this volume be m a d e in one of the following forms, as appropriate: HARLAND, W. B. et al. (Eds.) 1967. The Fossil Record. L o n d o n (Geological Society), xii 4- 828 pp. BANKS, H. P. et al. 1967. T h a l l o p h y t a - - 1 . In HARLAND, W. B. et al. (Eds.) The Fossil Record. London (Geological Society), pp. 163-180. JOHNSON, H. M. 1967. Family Codiaceae. In HARLAND, W. B. et al. (Eds.) The Fossil Record. London (Geological Society), p. 167. iv ARRANGEMENT OF THE VOLUME commencing on page Introduction Part I: Symposium papers Part II: Documentation of the fossil record 15 157 PLANTAE (Chapters 1-7) 161 INVERTEBRATA (Chapters 8-24) 289 VERTEBRATA (Chapters 25-30) 627 Part III: Computer analysis 789 Index 821 (For detailed list of contents see overleaf) CONTENTS Preface ix Arrangements for correcting and supplementing the documentation xi Introduction The symposium meeting 13 Part I: Symposium papers Introduction to Part I J. W. CowIF: Life in Pre-Cambrian and early Cambrian times R. GOLDRmG: The significance of certain trace-fossil ranges M. R. HousE: Fluctuations in the evolution of Palaeozoic invertebrates V. G. WALMSLEY: The origins of some Silurian enteletacean brachiopods F. H. T. RHODES: Permo-Triassic extinction C. B. Cox: Changes in terrestrial vertebrate faunas during the Mesozoic J. M. HANCOCK: Some Cretaceous-Tertiary marine faunal changes G. M. PHILIP: Major features of the evolution of echinoids N. F. HUGHES & J. SMART: Plant-insect relationships in Palaeozoic and later time L. B. H. TARTO: Biochemical evolution and the fossil record J. FISHER: Fossil birds and their adaptive radiation General discussion Part II: 16 17 37 41 55 57 77 91 105 107 119 133 155 Documentation of the fossil record 158 Introduction to Part II P LANTAE Introductory Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 note Thallophyta--1 Thallophyta--2 Bryophyta and Charophyta Pteridophyta--1 Pteridophyta--2 Gymnospermophyta Angiospermae vi 162 163 181 211 219 233 247 269 Contents INVERTEBRATA Introductory Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 20 21 22 23 Chapter 24 note Protozoa Porifera and Archaeocyatha Coelenterata Bryozoa Brachiopoda Mollusca: Amphineura, Monoplacophora and Gastropoda Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Nautiloidea