This book about rock stress is suitable for students in geosciences and rock engineering, who need to broaden their horizons about the Stress Field of the Earth’s Crust. The book covers the topic so that geosciences students will be able to grasp the Cauchy Stress Principle without fear of matrix transformations in an exercise. Students interested in mathematics, physics and engineering will learn how strain gauges are used to obtain in-situ stress by the overcoring method. Leading edge technology in determining rock stress like quadruple packer and the Kaiser effect are presented together with classical methods like hydraulic fracturing. Borehole techniques (breakouts) and core-based methods (anelastic strain recovery) are illustrated. With respect to stress data, we choose to present the scientific ultra-deep drilling project KTB (Germany), the excavation for nuclear waste disposal at Olkiluoto (Finland) and the drilling into a seismic active fault zone at SAFOD (USA). Stress compilations viewed by the World Stress Map project are presented and interpreted in terms of plate tectonics.
Stress Field of the Earth’s Crust
Stress Field of the Earth’s Crust Arno Zang German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) Potsdam, Germany and
Ove Stephansson GFZ and KTH Stockholm, Sweden
With Foreword by Bezalel Haimson
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Priv.-Doz. Dr. Arno Zang GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Telegrafenberg 14473 Potsdam Germany
[email protected]
Prof. Ove Stephansson GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Telegrafenberg 14473 Potsdam Germany
[email protected]
Additional material to this book can be download from http://extra.springer.com. ISBN 978-1-4020-8443-0 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-8444-7 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-8444-7 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009940576 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover illustrations: i) Cube of rock mass in the Earth’s crust with open cracks at top, progressively closing cracks in the middle and residual pores at bottom. Principal stresses are indicated by arrows (SV > SH > Sh) forcing a favourable oriented shear crack to slide. ii) Section of the World Stress Map (Heidbach et al. 2007) shows orientations of the maximum horizontal principal stress (SH). For detailed description see Chapter 11. Cover design: deblik DVD-ROM included inside back cover Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
For my wife Corinna and our children Felix, Charlotte and Marlene. I am grateful to my academic teachers Hans Berckhemer and Gerhard Müller (1940–2002) both at Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main Arno Zang
I like to thank my wife Almut for her support and our children Samuel and Naemi for bringing in a good balance between daily life and work. Ove Stephansson
Foreword
Stress Field of the Earth’s Crust is based on lecture notes prepared for a course offered to graduate students in the Earth sciences and engineering at University of Potsdam. In my opinion, it will undoubtedly also become a standard reference book on the desk of most scientists working