ADVANCES IN Applied MicrobioIogy VOLUME 21 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME L. T. Fan D. J. D. Hockenhull Philip H. Howard I. C. Kao Keido KO Lloyd E. McDaniel Juan F. Martin Hewitt W. Matthews Tomomasa Misato Prasanta K. Ray Jitendra Saxena R. H. Shipman E . J. Vandamme Barbara Fritche Wade Isamu Yamaguchi ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology Edited by D. PERLMAN School of Pharmacy The University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin VOLUME 21 @ 1977 ACADEMIC PRESS, New York San Francisco London A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers COPYRIGHT 0 1977, BY ACADEMIC PRESS,INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York. New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road. London N W l LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER:59-13823 ISBN 0-12-002621-X PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS .............................................. ix Production of Polyene Macrolide Antibiotics JUAN F . MARTIN AND LLOYD E . MCDANIEL I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Factors Affecting Polyene Macrolide Production ....................... I11. Interaction of Polyene Macrolide Antibiotics with the Producer Cells . . . . . IV . Genetics of Polyene-Producing Streptomyces .......................... References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 14 37 43 47 Use of Antibiotics in Agriculture TOMOMASA MISATO. KEIDO KO. AND ISAMU YAMAGUCHI I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1. Agricultural Antibiotics and the Pollution Problem . . ...... .... 111. Utilization of Medical Antibiotics as Agricultural Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . Antibiotics Developed as Agricultural Chemicals ........................... V . Future Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References ........................................................... 53 54 55 60 82 83 Enzymes Involved in p-Lactam Antibiotic Biosynthesis E . J . VANDAMME I. I1. 111. IV . V. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structure of B-Lactam Antibiotics ........................................ Biosynthesis Mechanisms of B-Lactam Antibiotics and Their Enzymes . . . . . . . . Terminal-Stage Enzyme Reactions in a-Lactam Antibiotic Biosynthesis . . . . . . . Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 89 92 97 117 119 Information Control in Fermentation Development D . J . D . HOCKENHULL I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . Research and Development Budget ...................................... V 125 133 vi CONTENTS 111. Project Initiation Request (Research or Development Program) . . . .