Encyclopedia Of Contemporary American Culture

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN CULTURE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN CULTURE Edited by Gary W.McDonogh, Robert Gregg, and Cindy H.Wong London and New York First published 2001 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 2001 Routledge All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Encyclopedia of contemporary American culture/edited by Gary W. McDonogh, Robert Gregg, and Cindy H.Wong. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. United States—Civilization–1970–Encyclopedias. 2. Popular culture— United States—Encyclopedias. I. McDonogh, Gary W. II. Gregg, Robert, 1958– III. Wong, Cindy, H., 1961– E169.12.E49 2001 973.92’03–dc21 00–055326 ISBN 0-203-99168-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-415-16161-4 (Print Edition) Contents Editorial team List of contributors Introduction Acknowledgements How to use this book Thematic entry list Entries A–Z Index vi viii xvii xxii xxiii xxvi 1 1239 Editorial team General editors Gary W.McDonogh Bryn Mawr College, USA Robert Gregg Richard Stockton College, USA Cindy H.Wong College of Staten Island, City University of New York, USA Consultant editors David Bishai The Johns Hopkins University, USA David Gerstner University of Otago, NZ Sandra Gilchrist New College of the University of South Florida, USA Rick Halpern University College London, UK Gail Henson Bellarmine University, USA James Kraus Lehman College, City University of New York, USA Dewar MacLeod Cronkite Productions, Inc., New York, USA Edward Miller College of Staten Island, City University of New York, USA Randall Miller St Joseph’s University, USA Enrique Sacerio-Gari Bryn Mawr College, USA List of contributors Paula Adams Kansas, USA Jon Anderson Catholic University of America Robert Anderson Denver, CO Frank Anechiarico Hamilton College, USA Marc Balcer Morgan Stanley Dean Witter Alyson Bardsley College of Staten Island, City University of New York Mariaelena Bartesaghi Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania Jim Baumohl Graduate School of Social Work and Social Research, Bryn Mawr College Linda-Susan Beard Bryn Mawr College Gabrielle Bendiner-Viani New York City Courtney Bennett Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania David Bishai The Johns Hopkins University Kent Blaser Wayne State College A.Joseph Bor