Understanding Social Psychology Across Cultures: Engaging With Others In A Changing World

Understanding Social Psychology Across Cultures Understanding Social Psychology Across Cultures Engaging With Others in a Changing World 2ND EDITION Peter B. Smith, Ronald Fischer, Vivian L. Vignoles and Michael Harris Bond SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044 SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd 3 Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 Editor: Michael Carmichael Assistant editor: Keri Dickens Production editor: Imogen Roome Copyeditor: Audrey Scriven Proofreader: Kate Harrison Marketing manager: Alison Borg Cover design: Wendy Scott Typeset by C&M Digitals (P) Ltd, Chennai, India Printed in India at Replika Press Pvt Ltd © Peter B. Smith, Ronald Fischer, Vivian L. Vignoles and Michael Harris Bond 2013 First edition published by Sage 2006. Reprinted 2007, 2009, 2010, & 2011 (twice). Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. Library of Congress Control Number: 2012954630 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-4462-6710-3 ISBN 978-1-4462-6711-0 Table of Contents Authors Acknowledgements SECTION 1 ESTABLISHING THE FRAMEWORK 1. Why Does Social Psychology Need a Cross-Cultural Perspective? Whom Should we be Studying? Understanding Social Change Choosing What to Study and how to Study it The Development of Modern Cross-Cultural Social Psychology Replications Summary Further Reading Study Questions 2. Clarifying the Way Forward with Culture: Theories and Frameworks Cultures, Nations and Societies Values, Beliefs and Behaviours The Hofstede Project Evaluating Hofstede’s Study Studying Individuals and Studying Nations The Schwartz Value Surveys Other Value Surveys Cultures as Systems of Shared Beliefs Culture as Patterns of Behaviour Putting the Picture Together Relating Individuals and Cultures Evaluating Progress Summary Further Reading Study Questions 3. The Origins and Dynamics of Culture Thaipusam: An Interpretive Challenge Frameworks Addressing the origins of cultural Differences Genetic Transmission: Racial Theories of Intelligence Cultural Transmission The Influence of the Environment: Eco-Cultural Theory Environment Shaping Genetic Transmission: Evolutionary Psychology Environment Shaping Culture: Theories of Cultural Evolution Gene-Culture Co-Evolution Causes, Correlates or Consequences? Thaipusam: A Tentative Explanation Summary Further Reading Study Questions 4. How to do Cross-Cultural Psychology Ethnographic Fieldwork Interviews and Focus Groups Cultural Products and Media Content Psychometric Tests Sources of Bias in Cross-Cultural Research Construct bias Instrument bias Administration bias Sampling bias The Quest for Cross-Cultural Equivalence Functional equivalence Structural equivalence Metric equivalence Scalar equivalence Experiments Priming Studies Individual-Level and Nation-Level Explanation Interpreting non-equivalent results Multi-Level Modeling The Unpackaging of Culture Meta-Analysis: A Useful Tool for Integrating Research Conclusion Studying the Ik Further Reading Study Questions SECTION 2 CORE ASPECTS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY IN CROSSCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE 5.