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Статья. — Вестник ТГУ (раздел Гуманитарные науки. Социология). — 2008. — №2 (58).
В статье изучается вопрос специфики неформальных молодежных объединений, субъектности общественных формирований в процессе реализации молодежной политики, роль подобных объединений в жизни молодого человека.
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Ƚɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ. ɋɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɆɈɅɈȾȿɀɇɕȿ ɈȻɓȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɕȿ ɈȻɔȿȾɂɇȿɇɂə ɄȺɄ ɋɍȻɔȿɄɌ ɊȿȽɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈɃ ɆɈɅɈȾȿɀɇɈɃ ɉɈɅɂɌɂɄɂ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜ ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ Ʉɨɫɬɪɨɦɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ. ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɜɚɡɢɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢɯ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, peer group.
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɚ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ ɢ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɟɟ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ (ɫɟɦɶɹ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɚɦ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ) ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɟɬɹɦɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɸɧɨɲɚ ɢ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ (ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɠɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ (ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɮɨɪɭɦɵ, ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɱɚɬɵ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɬɢɩɚ «Ɉɞɧɨɤɥɚɫɫɧɢɤɢ», «ɀɢɜɨɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ» ɢ ɬ. ɩ.). Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ peer group (ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ), ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ Ɍ. ɉɚɪɫɨɧɫɨɦ [1]. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɞɟɜɢɚɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɭɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɟɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩ510
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ, ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ, «ɦɹɝɤɨɦ» ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ peer group ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɜ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɦ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɜɟɪɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ peer group; peer group ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶɸ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ; peer group ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ ɢɡ ɞɟɬɫɬɜɚ ɜɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɨɥɟɣ, ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɜ; peer group ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɞɨɛɪɹɟɦɵɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ; peer group – ɷɬɨ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ [2]. ȼ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɲɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ (ɧɟ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ) peer group. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɷɬɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɫɭɛɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɹɜɥɹ