Structural Geology

E-Book Overview

For advanced undergraduate structural geology courses.

E-Book Information

  • Year: 1,992

  • Edition: First Edition

  • Pages: 539

  • Pages In File: 539

  • Language: English

  • Identifier: 0716722526,9780716722526

  • Ddc: 552

  • Lcc: QE601 .T894 1992

  • Org File Size: 155,841,707

  • Extension: pdf

  • Toc: COVER PAGE......Page 1 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY......Page 2 CONTENTS......Page 4 PREFACE......Page 7 TABLE......Page 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 10 PART I ( INTRODUCTION)......Page 11 1-1. WHAT ARE STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS......Page 13 1-2. STRUCTURE- TECTONICS AND THE USE OF MODELS......Page 14 1-3. THE INTERIOUS OF THE EARTH AND THE OTHER TERRESTRIAL BODIES......Page 15 FIGURE 1-1. DIAGRAMMATIC CROSS SECTION OF EARTH SHOWING THE INNER AND OUTER CORE THE MANTLE THE LITHOSPHERE AND CRUST.......Page 16 FIGURE 1-2. DISTRIBUTION OF LAND CONTINENTAL SHELVES OCCAN BASIN AND TECTONIC PLATES ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH......Page 17 FIGURE 1-3. DISTRIBUTION OF TOPOGRAPHIC ELEVATIONS ON THE EARTH A. CUMUIATIVE CURVE SHOWING THE PERCENT OF THE EARTHS SURFACE THAT IS ABOVE A PARTICULAR ELEVATION B.......Page 18 1-5. SUMMARY AND PREVIEW......Page 19 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 20 2-1. THE ORIENTATION OF STRUCTURES......Page 21 FIGURE 2-1. THE STRIKE AND DIP OF A PLANAR STRUCTURE......Page 22 2-2. GEOLOGIC MAPS......Page 23 2-3. CROSS SECTIONS: PORTRAYAL OF STRUCTURES IN THREE DIMENSIONS......Page 24 FIGURE 2-3. THE EFFECT OF VERTICAL EXAGGERATION ON CROSS SECTION......Page 25 FIGURE 2-5. FLUTE CASTS......Page 26 PRIMARY STRUCTURES IN IGNEOUS ROCKS......Page 27 UNCONFORMITIES......Page 28 FIGURE 2-11. TYPES OF UNCONFORMITIES......Page 29 FIGURE 2-12. ROSE DIAGRAM OF THE FAULTS AND JOINTS IN AN AREA......Page 30 FIGURE 2-14. PROJECTION OF LOWER HALF OF THE PLOTTING SPHERE ONTO THE IMAGE PLANE......Page 31 SEISMIC STUDIES......Page 32 FIGURE 2-1-2. ILLUSTRATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SEISMIC REFRACTION IN A TWO- LAYER STRUCTURE......Page 33 FIGURE 2-15. SEISMIC REFLECTION PROFILES......Page 34 FIGURE 2-17. EQAL- AREA PROJECTIONS SHOWING THE RADIATION PATTERN OF COMPRESSION FIRST MOTIONS (C) AND RAREFACTION FIRST MOTION FOR THE THREE MAIN TYPES OF FAULTES......Page 36 FIGURE 2-2-1. THE PRINCIPLE OF STACKING OF SEISMIC RECORDS......Page 37 FIGURE 2-3-1. THE MIGRATION OF SEISMIC SINGNALS CORRECTS THE SEISMIC RECORDS TO GIVE THE TRUE LOCATION AND DIP OF REFLECTIONS......Page 38 FIGURE 2-3-2. THE END OF DISCONTINUOUS REFLECTOR (D) ACTS AS A DIFFRACTION POINTS AND RADIARES SEISMIC ENERGY IN ALL DIRECTIONS FOR ANY ANGLE OF INCIDENCE......Page 39 GEOMAGNETIC STUDIES......Page 40 FIGURE 2-19. APPARENT POLAR WANDER PARTH (APW) FOR NORTH AMERICA (CIRCLES) AND FOR EUROPE......Page 41 ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 42 FIGURE 2-4-1-C.......Page 43 PART II (BRITTLE DEFORMATION)......Page 44 3-1. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS AND EXTENTION FRACTURES......Page 46 FIGURE 3-2. JOINTS......Page 47 FIGURE 3-4. FRACTURE-CONTROLLED TOPOGRAPHY SINAI PENINSULA EGYPT......Page 48 FIGURE 3-6. COLUMNAR JOINTING......Page 49 ORIENTATION OF FRACTURES......Page 50 FIGUE 3-10. TERMINATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL JOINTS......Page 51

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