E-Book Overview
The Lithuanian people have undergone historic changes quite different from those of other European nations. In earlier centuries geography provided strategic advantage and opportunities for expansion but in recent times the country has more often experienced location as a geopolitical curse. After constantly losing territory and shrinking in size, the country disappeared in 1795. However, after World War I a popular national movement led to the restoration of Lithuania as an independent state. World War II and its bloody aftermath brought foreign occupation as well as genocide, mass murder, and destruction unparalleled in the country's modern history. The restoration of independence in 1990 has fundamentally altered Lithuania's geopolitical reality. Integration into the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization promise a new level of security for the Lithuanian state in the 21st century even as the social and economic transformations present both promising opportunities and difficult challenges.The second edition of the Historical Dictionary of Lithuania will serve as a useful introduction to virtually all aspects of Lithuania's historical experience, including the country's relations with its neighbors. This is done through a chronology, an introductory essay, an extensive bibliography, and over 300 cross-referenced dictionary entries on significant persons, places, and events; institutions and organizations; and political, economic, social, cultural, and religious facets.
E-Book Content
HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF EUROPE Jon Woronoff, Series Editor Greece, by Thanos M. Veremis and Mark Dragoumis. 1995. Romania, by Kurt W. Treptow and Marcel Popa. 1996. United Kingdom: Volume 1, England and the United Kingdom; Volume 2, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, by Kenneth J. Panton and Keith A. Cowlard. 1997, 1998. Hungary, by Steven Béla Várdy. 1997. Ireland, by Colin Thomas and Avril Thomas. 1997. Russia, by Boris Raymond and Paul Duffy. 1998. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, by Zeljan Suster. 1999. Belgium, by Robert Stallaerts. 1999. Poland, 2nd edition, by George Sanford. 2003. Estonia, by Toivo Miljan. 2004. Ukraine, by Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, and Myroslav Yurkevich. 2005. Bulgaria, 2nd edition, by Raymond Detrez. 2006. Slovakia, 2nd edition, by Stanislav J. Kirschbaum. 2006. Sweden, 2nd edition, by Irene Scobbie. 2006. Finland, 2nd edition, by George Maude. 2007. Georgia, by Alexander Mikaberidze. 2007. Belgium, 2nd edition, by Robert Stallaerts. 2007. Moldova, 2nd edition, by Andrei Brezianu and Vlad Spânu. 2007. Switzerland, by Leo Schelbert. 2007. Contemporary Germany, by Derek Lewis with Ulrike Zitzlsperger. 2007. Netherlands, 2nd edition, by Joop W. Koopmans and Arend H. Huussen Jr. 2007. Slovenia, 2nd edition, by Leopoldina Plut-Pregelj and Carole Rogel. 2007. Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2nd edition, by Ante Čuvalo. 2007. Modern Italy, 2nd edition, by Mark F. Gilbert and K. Robert Nilsson. 2007. Belarus, 2nd edition, by Vitali Silitski and Jan Zaprudnik. 2007. Latvia, 2nd edition, by Andrejs Plakans. 2008. Contemporary United Kingdom, by Kenneth J. Panton and Keith A. Cowlard. 2008. Norway, by Jan Sjåvik. 2008. Denmark, 2nd edition, by Alastair H. Thomas. 2009. France, 2nd edition, by Gino Raymond. 2008. Spain, 2nd edition, by Angel Smith. 2008. Iceland, 2nd edition, by Guđmunder Hálfdanarson. 2009. Turkey, 3rd edition, by Metin Heper and Nur Bilge Criss. 2009.
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Republic of Macedonia, by Dimitar Bechev. 2009. Cyprus, by Farid Mirbagheri. 2010. Austria, 2nd edition, by Paula Sutter Fichtner. 2009. Modern Greece, by Dimitris Keridis. 2009. Czech State, 2nd edition, by Rick Fawn and Jiří Hochman. 2010. Portugal, 3rd edition, by Douglas L. Wheeler and Walter C. Opello Jr. 2010. Croatia, 3rd edition, by Robert Stallaerts. 2010. Albania,