ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology VOLUME 27 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME A. M. Cundell Robert J. Fleischaker John C. Godfrey A. Hurst L. S. McClung Vedpal Singh Malik Anthony J. Sinskey James C. Weaver ADVANCES IN Applied Microbiology Edited by D. PERLMAN School of Pharmacy The University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin and Allen I. Laskin Exxon Research and Engineering Company Linden, New Jersey VOLUME 27 @ 1981 ACADEMIC PRESS A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers New York London Toronto Sydney San Francisco COPYRIGHT @ 1981, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM O R BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS,INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London N W l 7 D X LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARDNUMBER:59-13823 ISBN 0-12-002627-9 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 81828384 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS LJST OF CONTRIBUTORS., ............................. ................ ix Recombinant DNA Technology VEDPALSINGHMALIK I . Introduction ........................................................ I1. Plasmid DNA Purification 111. . IV V. VI . VII . VIII . ............................................ Isolation of Genes ................................................... Making Recombinant DNA Molecules in Vitro .......................... Transformation ...................................................... Host-Vector Systems ................................................ UtiEity of New Technology ............................................ A Postscript ........................................................ References ......................................................... 2 3 4 22 31 32 47 64 67 Nisin A . HURST I . Introduction ........................................................ I1. Biology ............................................................ . 111 IV . V. Chemistry .......................................................... Biosynthesis ........................................................ Use of Nisin ........................................................ References ......................................................... 85 87 98 105 108 119 The Coumermycins: Developments in the Late 970s JOHN C . GODFREY ......... ......... 111. Biological Developments ............................................. IV. Conclusion ......................................................... References ......................................................... I . Introduction .............................................. I1. Chemical Developments. 1972-1979 ......................... V 125 125 128 133 133 vi CONTENTS Instrumentation for Process Control in Cell Culture ROBERTJ . FLEISCHAKER. JAMES C. WEAVER.AND ANTHONYJ . SINSKEY I . Introduction ........................................................ ........................ Microcarriers ....................................................... Generalized M