E-Book Content
ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR ENCYCLOPEDIA of DRUGS, ALCOHOL & ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR
Editorial Board EDITOR IN CHIEF
Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, M.D. Durham, North Carolina EDITORS
Kathleen M. Carroll, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Yale University School of Medicine
Jeffrey Fagan, Ph.D. Professor of Public Health Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
Henry R. Kranzler, M.D. Professor of Psychiatry University of Connecticut School of Medicine
Michael J. Kuhar, Ph.D. Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar and Candler Professor Yerkes Regional Primate Center
ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR ENCYCLOPEDIA of DRUGS, ALCOHOL & ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR SECOND EDITION
VOLUME 1 A–D
ROSALYN CARSON-DEWITT, M.D. Editor in Chief Durham, North Carolina
Copyright © 2001 by Macmillan Reference USA, an imprint of the Gale Group All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher.
Macmillan Reference USA An imprint of the Gale Group 1633 Broadway New York, NY 10019
Macmillan Reference USA An imprint of the Gale Group 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535
Printed in the United States of America printing number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of drugs, alcohol, and addictive behavior / Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, editor-in-chief.–Rev. ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Encyclopedia of drugs and alcohol. c1995. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-02-865541-9 (set) ISBN 0-02-865542-7 (Vol. 1) ISBN 0-02-865543-5 (Vol. 2) ISBN 0-02-865544-3 (Vol. 3) ISBN 0-02-865545-1 (Vol. 4) 1. Drug abuse–Encyclopedias. 2. Substance abuse–Encyclopedias. 3. Alcoholism–Encyclopedias. 4. Drinking of alcoholic beverages–Encyclopedias. I. Carson-DeWitt, Rosalyn II. Encyclopedia of drugs and alcohol. HV5804 .E53 2000 362.29'03–dc21
00-046068 CIP
oo™ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI-NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper) 䡬
Contents Preface List of Articles List of Authors
ix xi xxxvii
Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior Appendix Index
1 1373 1821
v
EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF Project Editor AMANDA C. QUICK Contributing Editors & Copy Editors MARY ALAMPI ERIN E. BRAUN PATTI BRECHT DEBBIE BUREK DONNA CRAFT SHEILA DOW ANDREW J. HOMBURG THAI ISHIZUKA-CAPP PETER JASKOWIAK MARK KLEIMAN SARAH KNOX JANE MALONIS REBECCA MARLOW-FERGUSON CHRYSTAL ROSZA Indexer SYNAPSE, THE KNOWLEDGE LINK CORPORATION Typesetter GGS INFORMATION SERVICES Production Staff MARY BETH TRIMPER, Composition Manager EVI SEOUD, Assistant Production Manager WENDY BLURTON, Senior Buyer Imaging Staff BARBARA J. YARROW, Manager, Imaging and Multimedia Content ROBYN V. YOUNG, Project Manager, Imaging and Multimedia Content KELLY A. QUIN, Editor, Imaging and Multimedia Content RANDY BASSETT, Imaging Supervisor Art Staff KENN J. ZORN, Product Design Manager PAMELA A.E. GALBREATH, Senior Art Director ANNE DAVIDSON, Senior Editor LINDA S. HUBBARD, Director ELLY DICKASON, Publisher
Preface Why a second edition of the Encyclopedia of Drugs and Alcohol? And why change the name to the Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior? Consider a smattering of statistics: • In 1999, 10.3 million people (4.7% of the American population) ages 12 years or older were dependent on illicit drugs or alcohol (National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999) • In 1998, it was estimated that approximately 19,000 alcohol-induced deaths occur annually in the United States (excluding those deaths due to motor vehicle accidents involving alcohol) (National Vital Sta