Gale Contextual Encyclopedia of American Literature
Gale Contextual Encyclopedia of American Literature VOLUME 1
A–E
Gale Contextual Encyclopedia of American Literature Project Editors: Anne Marie Hacht and Dwayne D. Hayes Editorial: Ira Mark Milne Rights Acquisition and Management: Kelly Quin, Robyn Young, and Tracie Richardson Composition: Evi Abou-El-Seoud Manufacturing: Wendy Blurton Imaging: John Watkins Product Design: Jennifer Wahi and Pam Galbreath ª 2009 Gale, a part of Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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Cover photographs reproduced by permission. Steinbeck, John, photograph. The Library of Congress; Angelou, Maya, photograph. AP Images; Fitzgerald, F. Scott, photograph. The Library of Congress; Twain, Mark, photograph. The Library of Congress; Poe, Edgar Allan, public domain; London, Jack, photograph. The Library of Congress; Hughes, Langston, 1943, photo by Gordon Parks. The Library of Congress; Dickinson, Emily. The Library of Congress; Hemingway, Ernest, photograph. AP Images; Hemingway, Ernest, photograph. AP Images; Lee, Harper, photograph. AP Images; Tan, Amy, 1993, photograph. AP Images; Walker, Alice, photograph. AP Images. While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Gale, a part of Cengage Learning, does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. Gale accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. Editorial Data Privacy Policy. Does this publication contain information about you as an individual? If so, for more information about our editorial data privacy policies, please see our Privacy Statement at www.gale.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gale contextual encyclopedia of American literature / editorial, Anne Marie Hacht, Dwayne D. Hayes. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4144-3130-7 (set) -- ISBN 978-1-4144-3131-4 (v. 1) -ISBN 978-1-4144-3132-1 (v. 2) -- ISBN 978-1-4144-3133-8 (v. 3) -ISBN 978-1-4144-3134-5 (v. 4) -- ISBN 978-1-4144-3139-0 (e-book) 1. American literature--Encyclopedias. 2. American literature--Bio-bibliography. 3. Authors, American--Biography--Dictionaries. 4. American literature--History and criticism--Encyclopedias. I. Hacht, Anne Marie. II. Hayes, Dwayne D. PS21.G36 2009 810’.9--dc22
978-1-4144-3130-7 (set) 978-1-4144-3131-4 (vol. 1) 978-1-4144-3132-1 (vol. 2) 978-1-4144-3133-8 (vol. 3) 978-1-4144-3134-5 (vol. 4)
2008051753
1-4144-3130-9 (set) 1-4144-3131-7 (vol. 1) 1-4144-3132-5 (vol. 2) 1-4144-3133-3 (vol. 3) 1-4144-3134-1 (vol. 4)
This title is also available as an e-book. ISBN-13: 978-1-4144-3139-0 ISBN-10: 1-4144-3139-2 Co