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ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS Human Exposures and Their Health Effects Third Edition
Edited by MORTON LIPPMANN
Copyright Ó 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Environmental toxicants : human exposures and their health effects / [edited by] Morton Lippmann. – 3rd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-471-79335-9 (cloth) 1. Environmental health. 2. Environmental technology. I. Lippmann, Morton. [DNLM: 1. Environmental Pollutants–adverse effects. 2. Environmental Exposure. 3. Environmental Health. 4. Environmental Pollutants–toxicity. WA 671 E615 2009] RA565.E58 2009 363.7–dc22 2008036266 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE CONTRIBUTORS
1 Introduction and Background 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13
xvii
1
Characterization of Chemical Contaminants, 2 Human Exposures and Dosimetry, 7 Chemical Exposures and Dose to Target Tissues, 8 Concentration of Toxic Chemicals in Human Microenvironments, 9 Inhalation Exposures and Respiratory Tract Effects, 12 Ingestion Exposures and Gastrointestinal Tract Effects, 18 Skin Exposure and Dermal Effects, 19 Absorption through Membranes and Systemic Circulation, 20 Accumulation in Target Tissues and Dosimetric Models, 21 Indirect Measures of Past Exposures, 22 Characterization of Health, 23 Exposure–Response Relationships, 25 Study Options for Health Effects Studies, 31 References, 35
2 Perspectives on Individual and Community Risks 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
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Nature of Risk, 39 Identification and Quantification of Risks, 41 Risk Communication, 46 Ris