Advances in MARINE BIOLOGY VOLUME 22 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Advances in MARINE BIOLOGY SAN Diso VOLUME 22 Edited by J. H. S. BLAXTER Dunstaflnage Marine Research Laboratory, Oban, Scotland Thelate SIR FREDERICK S. RUSSELL Reading, England and SIR MAURICE YONGE Edinburgh, Scotland Academic Press ( A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jouanouich) London Orlando San Diego New York Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo 1985 COPYRIGHT 0 1985, BY ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. N O PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24-28 Oval Road LONDON NW1 7DX United States Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Orlando, Florida 32887 LIBRARYO F CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 63-14040 ISBN: 0-12-026122-7 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 8.5 M 87 88 9 8 7 . 5 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS .. CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME22 .. * . .. .. xi Assessing the Effects of “Stress” on Reef Corals B. E. BROWNA N D L. I. Introduction .. .. .. s. HOWARD .. .. 11. Natural Fluctuations and Man-made Influences .. .. 1 .. .. 3 3 5 A. Assessing changes on coral reefs . . .. .. .. B. lnterpreting temporal changes on coral reefs . . .. C. Effects and apparent lack of effects of pollution on coral .. .. .. .. .. reefs . . .. .. D. Predicting recovery of reefs .. .. .. .. 9 17 111. Experimental Studies on Effects of Pollutants on Corals . . .. .. .. .. .. A. Growth rate . . .. .. .. .. .. .. B. Metabolism . . .. C. Loss of zooxanthellae .. .. .. .. .. D. Behavioural responses .. .. .. .. .. E. Reproductive biology .. .. .. .. .. F. Histopathology . . .. .. .. .. .. G. Biochemical and cytochemical indexes . . .. .. 20 20 27 29 35 46 48 50 IV. Discussion and Future Research Needs .. References .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. 51 55 .. .. ,. 66 .. .. .. .. .. 66 66 .. Nutrition of Sea Anemones M. VAN-PRAGT I. Introduction .. .. .. .. 11. Chemoreception and Feeding Behaviour A. Feeding behaviour . . .. .. V .. vi CONTENTS B. Nature of activators. . .. .. C. The conducting systems . . .. D. The control of feeding behaviour . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 69 69 111. Absorption of Dissolved Organic Matter .. .. .. A. Localization of uptake .. .. .. .. .. B. Uptake systems for glucose and amino acids . . .. C. Ecological importance of dissolved compounds for the nutrition of sea anemones . . .. .. .. .. 70 70 71 .. .. 71 IV. Gathering and Digestion of Particulate Organic Matter . . A. Suspension-feeding str