ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS VOLUME 50 i Advisory Board M. CHE A. CORMA CANOS D.D. ELEY Paris, France Valencia, Spain Nottingham, England G. ERTL Berlin/Dahlem, Germany W.M.H. SACHTLER Evanston, Illinois, U.S.A P.W.N.M. VAN LEEUWEN Amsterdam, The Netherlands R.A. VAN SANTEN Eindhoven, The Netherlands J. ROSTRUP-NIELSEN Lyngby, Denmark K. TAMARU Tokyo, Japan H. TOPSØE J.M. THOMAS P.B. WEISZ Lyngby, Denmark London/Cambridge, England State College, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. ii ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS VOLUME 50 Edited by BRUCE C. GATES HELMUT KNO¨ZINGER University of California Davis, California, USA University of Munich Munich, Germany AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier iii ACADEMIC PRESS Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA First edition 2006 Copyright r 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected] Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made ISBN-13: 978-0-12-007850-9 ISBN-10: 0-12-007850-3 ISSN: 0360-0564 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in The Netherlands 06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 iv Contents CONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Catalysts and Ca