Elements Of Physical Chemistry, 5th Edition

This page intentionally left blank Fundamental constants Quantity Symbol Value Power of ten Units Speed of light c 2.997 925 58* 108 m s–1 Elementary charge e 1.602 176 10–19 C J K–1 Boltzmann's constant k 1.380 65 10–23 Planck constant h h– = h Ⲑ 2p 6.626 08 1.054 57 10–34 10–34 Js Js Avogadro's constant NA 6.022 14 1023 mol–1 Atomic mass constant mu 1.660 54 10–27 kg Mass electron proton neutron me mp mn 9.109 38 1.672 62 1.674 93 10–31 10–27 10–27 kg kg kg Vacuum permittivity e 0 = 1Ⲑ c2μ 0 8.854 19 10–12 J–1 C 2 m–1 4pe 0 1.112 65 10–10 J–1 C 2 m–1 μ0 4p 10–7 J s2 C–2 m–1 (= T 2 J–1 m3 ) 9.274 01 5.050 78 2.002 32 10–24 10–27 J T –1 J T –1 5.291 77 10–11 m 1.097 37 105 cm–1 Vacuum permeability Magneton Bohr nuclear g value of the electron Bohr radius μB = e h– Ⲑ 2me μN = e h– Ⲑ 2mp ge a 0 = 4pe0 h– 2Ⲑ mee2 Rydberg constant R = me Standard acceleration of free fall g * Exact value Ⲑ e4 8h 3ce 20 9.806 65* m s –2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008934074 Elements of Physical Chemistry, Fifth Edition © 2009 by Peter Atkins and Julio de Paula All rights reserved ISBN-13: 978–1–4292–1813–9 ISBN-10: 1–4292–1813–9 Published in Great Britain by Oxford University Press This edition has been authorized by Oxford University Press for sale in the United States and Canada only and not for export therefrom. First printing W. H. Freeman and Company 41 Madison Avenue New York, New York 10010 www.whfreeman.com Elements Of Physical Chemistry Peter Atkins University of Oxford Julio De Paula Lewis & Clark College Fifth edition W. H. Freeman and Company New York This page intentionally left blank About the book We pay particular attention to the needs of the student, and provide many pedagogical features to make the learning process more enjoyable and effective. This section reviews these features. Paramount among them, though, is something that pervades the entire text: we try throughout to interpret the mathematical expressions, for mathematics is a language, and it is crucially important to be able to recognize what it is seeking to convey. We pay particular attention to the level at which we introduce information, the possibility of progressively deepening one’s understanding, and providing background information to support the development in the text. We are also very alert to the demands associated with problem solving, and provide a variety of helpful procedures. Molecular Interpretation icons Organizing the information Checklist of key ideas Checklist of key ideas We summarize the principal concepts introduced in each chapter as a checklist at the end of the chapter. We suggest checking off the box that precedes each entry when you feel confident about the topic. You should now be familiar with the following concepts. Although thermo-dynamics is a self-contained subject,