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SOLID STATE PHYSICS VOLUME 40 Founding Editors FREDERICK SEITZ DAVID TURNBULL SOLID STATE PHYSICS Advances in Research and Applications Editors HENRY EHRENREICH DAVID TURNBULL Division of Applied Sciences Haward University, Cambridge, Massachusetts VOLUME 40 1987 ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers Orlando San Diego New York Austin Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto COPYRIGHT 0 1987 BY ACADEMIC PRESS. INC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED I N ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS. ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCI.UDING PHOTOCOPY. RECORDING. OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION I N WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER ACADEMIC PRESS. INC Orlando. Florida 7 2 8 8 7 Uiiired K i n g d o m Editioii puhlishcd by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD 24-28 Ov.11 Road. L.ondon NWI 7DX LIHRARY OF C O N G R ~CATALUG SS C A R DNUMHEK 55-12200 ISBN 0-12-607740-1 (alk. paper) PRINTED IN T H E UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 117 8 8 89 90 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I Contents CONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PREFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii ix Modeling Tetrahedrally Bonded Random Networks by Computer F . WOOTENAND D . WEAIRE I . A Short History of Random-Network Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . Computer Generation of Continuous Random-Network Models with Periodic Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I11. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix A . The Radial Distribution Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II 24 37 39 A Quantum-Mechanical Critique of the Miedema Rules for Alloy Formation D . G . F”TTIFOR 1. The Miedema Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1. The Nature of the Metallic Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Significance of the Miedema Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 53 87 Electronic Shell Structure and Metal Clusters WALTA . DE HEER.W . D . KNIGHT.M . Y . CHOU.AND MARVIN L . COHEN I. I1 . 111. IV . V. VI . VII . Development of Cluster Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Electronic Shell Theory of Metal Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production and Detection of Metal Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cluster Abundance Spectra and Shell Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Static Dipole Polarizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ionization Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prospects for Metal-Cluster Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix A . Applications of Nilsson Theory for Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix B . Fine Structure in Cluster Abundance Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V 94 98 117 130 144 152 164 170 175 vi<