Advances in Applied Mechanics Volume 41 This page intentionally left blank ADVANCES IN APPLIED MECHANICS Edited by Hassan Aref VIRGINIA TECH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BLACKSBURG, VA, USA Erik van der Giessen UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN GRONINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS VOLUME 41 Boston Heidelberg London New York Oxford San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo Amsterdam Paris Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier ACADEMIC PRESS Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA First edition 2007 Copyright r 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email:
[email protected] Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made ISBN-13:978-0-12-002057-7 ISBN-10:0-12-002057-2 ISSN:0065-2156 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in USA 06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Streamline Topology: Patterns in Fluid Flows and their Bifurcations Morten Brøns I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bifurcation of Flows Away from Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow Near a Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow Near a Wall with Mirror Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Axisymmetric Flows and Application to Vortex Breakdown . Conclusions and Outlook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 4 9 20 27 32 38 40 . . . . . . . . 44 45 46 46 .... 47 .... 73 Electrospinning of Nanofibers from Polymer Solutions and Melts D.H. Reneker, A.L. Yarin, E. Zussman and H. Xu Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Various Methods of Producing Nanofibers . . . . . . . . . . . Electrospinning of Nanofibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taylor Cone and Jetting from Liquid Droplets in Electrospinning of Nanofibers . . . . . . . .