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Volume 54 contains seven reviews covering key contemporary topics in the crop and soil sciences. The connections between agricultural practice and environmental impact are addressed in chapters on subsurface microbial ecology, herbicide-resistant field crops, and nitrification inhibitors. Also among this collection are reviews on the microbial reduction of iron, manganese, and other metals; acid tolerance of wheat; lentil breeding and production; and the use of apomixis in cultivar development. With this latest volume, Advances in Agronomy continues to be recognized as a prolific and first-rate reference by the scientific community. In 1993 Advances in Agronomy increased its publication frequency to three volumes per year, and will continue this trend as our breadth of agronomic inquiry and knowledge continues to grow. Key Features* Impact of agriculture on subsurface microbial ecology* Herbicide-resistant crops* Microbial reduction of iron, manganese, and other metals* Nitrification inhibitors* Apomixis in cultivar development
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DVANCES IN Lgronomy V O L U M5 E4 Advisory Board Martin Alexander Eugene J. Kamprath Cornell University North Carolina State University Kenneth J. Frey Larry P. Wilding Iowa State University Texas A&M University Prepared in cooperation with the American Society of Agronomy Monographs Committee P. S. Baenziger J. Bartels J. N. Bigham L. P. Bush M. A. Tabatabai, Chairnuan R. N. Carrow W. T. Frankenberger, J . D. M. Kral S. E. Lingle G. A. Peterson D. E. Rolston D. E. Stott J. W. Stuck Edited by Donald L. Sparks Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Delaware Newark, Delaware ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Harcourt Brace & Company San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 0 1995 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press, Inc. A Division of Harcourt Brace & Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495 United Kingdom Edition published by Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road. London NWl 7DX International Standard Serial Number: 0065-2 1 13 International Standard Book Number: 0- 12-000754- 1 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 95 96 9 7 9 8 99 O O Q W 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents CONTRIBUTORS ...................................................... PREFACE .............................................................. ix xi IMPACTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON SUBSURFACE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Eugene L . Madsen I. Introduction and Scope ......................................... I1. Subsurface Microbial Ecology ................................... 111. Agricultural Practices and Their Impact on Subsurface Habitats .... Iv. Impact of Agricultural Practices on Subsurface Microbial Ecology . . V. Concluding Remarks ............................................ References ..................................................... HERBICIDE-RESISTANT FIELD CROPS Jack Dekker and Stephen 0. Duke ................................................... I . Introduction I1. Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance i 5 35 46 56 57 ............................. 111. Selection for Herbicide-Resistant Variants ........................ rv. Herbicide-Resistant Crops by the Herbicide Chemical Family ..... V. Summary ............................