The Facts On File Illustrated Guide To The Human Body, Brain And Nervous System

THE FACTS ON FILE ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO THE HUMAN BODY BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM THE DIAGRAM GROUP The Facts On File Illustrated Guide to the Human Body: Brain and Nervous System Copyright © 2005 The Diagram Group Editorial: Lionel Bender, David Harding, Tom Jackson Denis Kennedy, Gordon Lee, Jamie Stokes Scientific consultant: Stephen Rudd Design: Anthony Atherton, Richard Hummerstone, Lee Lawrence, Kim Richardson, Ben White Illustration: Pavel Kostal, Kathleen McDougall Picture research: Neil McKenna Indexer: Jane Parker All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Facts On File illustrated guide to the human body. Brain and nervous system / the Diagram Group. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-8160-5986-1 (hc : alk. paper) 1. Nervous system—Juvenile literature. 2. Brain—Juvenile literature. I. Title: Illustrated guide to the human body. Brain and nervous system. II. Title: Brain and nervous system. III. Diagram Group. QP361.5.F33 2005 612.8—dc22 2004022925 Set ISBN: 0-8160-5979-9 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at 212/967-8800 or 800/322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Printed in the United States of America EB Diagram 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Note to the reader This book is not intended to serve as a medical textbook for either physicians or patients. The information and advice it contains should not be used or relied upon without consulting the advice of a qualified physician. The publishers disclaim any responsibility for the accuracy of the information or advice that this book contains and any responsibility for any consequences that may result from any use or reliance thereon by the reader. Contents Introduction: About this book 4 SECTION 1 NERVOUS SYSTEM Introduction Nervous system organization Nerves and brain key words Nerve cells—neurons Types of nerve cell Nerve impulses Nerve synapses Sensory nerves and sense perception Motor nerves and muscle control Reflexes Endocrine system Pituitary gland and hypothalamus Major nervous system disorders 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 SECTION 2 BRAIN Introduction Brain development Brain: external features Brain: internal structures Brainstem and midbrain Brain functions Memory Sleep Stress and mental illness Exercises to relieve stress Drugs and the brain Brain disorders 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 SECTION 3 SPINAL CORD Introduction Spinal cord Spinal nerves 56 58 60 Cranial nerves Shoulder, chest, and arm nerves Hip and leg nerves Skin nerves Nerve plexi Protecting the nervous system Nerve damage and disorders 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 SECTION 4 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Introduction Sympathetic control Parasympathetic control 76 78 80 SECTION 5 HORMONAL SYSTEM Introduction Endocrine glands and hormones How hormones work Thyroid and parathyroid glands Thymus and pineal glands Adrenal glands Pancreas as a hormonal gland Negative feedback and hormones Sex glands and hormones Endocrine disorders and stress 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 Glossary of the human body Web sites to visit Index 102 108 109