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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDIEVAL LITERATURE Jay Ruud For Stacey, My own Beatrice Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature Copyright © 2006 by Jay Ruud All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ruud, Jay. Encyclopedia of medieval literature / Jay Ruud. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-5497-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Literature, Medieval—Encyclopedias. 2. Literature, Medieval—Bio-bibliography. I. Title. PN669.R88 2005 809’.02—dc22 2004031066 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Rachel L. Berlin Cover design by Smart Graphics Quotations from German and Italian Lyrics of the Middle Ages, copyright © 1973 by Frederick Goldin, and The Lyrics of the Troubadours and Trouvères, copyright © 1973 by Frederick Goldin, are used by permission of Doubleday, a division of Random House, Inc. Printed in the United States of America VB FOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Preface iv Introduction v Authors’ Time Line xi Writers Covered, by Language of Composition xv Entries A to Z 1 Selected Bibliography 711 Contributors 716