Volumes & Copyright © 2008 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail:
[email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of psychology and law/editor, Brian L. Cutler. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4129-5189-0 (cloth) 1. Law—Psychological aspects—Encyclopedias. 2. Law—United States—Psychological aspects—Encyclopedias. 3. Forensic psychology—Encyclopedias. 4. Forensic psychology—United States—Encyclopedias. I. Cutler, Brian L. K346.E53 2008 340′.19—dc22 2007029845 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 07 08 09 10 11 10 Publisher: Acquisitions Editor: Developmental Editor: Reference Systems Manager: Production Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Proofreaders: Indexer: Cover Designer: Marketing Manager: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Rolf A. Janke Jim Brace-Thompson Diana E. Axelsen Leticia Gutierrez Kate Schroeder QuADS Prepress (P) Ltd. C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Penny Sippel, Dennis Webb Janet Perlman Janet Foulger Amberlyn Erzinger Contents Editorial Board vi List of Entries vii Reader’s Guide xiii About the Editors Contributors Introduction xxi xxii xxxiii Entries Volume 1: A–K 1–444 Volume 2: L–Z 445–874 Index I-1–I-40 Editorial Board Editor Brian L. Cutler University of North Carolina at Charlotte Associate Editor Patricia A. Zapf John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Managing Editor Sarah Greathouse John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Senior Advisory Board Members Bri