METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY Editors-in-Chief JOHN N. ABELSON AND MELVIN I. SIMON Division of Biology California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California Founding Editors SIDNEY P. COLOWICK AND NATHAN O. KAPLAN Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 32 Jamestown Road, London NW17BY, UK Copyright # 2009, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book indicates the Publisher’s consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (www.copyright.com), for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Copy fees for pre-2008 chapters are as shown on the title pages. If no fee code appears on the title page, the copy fee is the same as for current chapters. 0076-6879/2008 $35.00 Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, E-mail:
[email protected] com. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier. com), by selecting ‘‘Support & Contact’’ then ‘‘Copyright and Permission’’ and then “Obtaining Permissions.” For information on all Elsevier Academic Press publications visit our Web site at elsevierdirect.com ISBN-13: 978-0-12-374552-1 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 09 10 11 12 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTRIBUTORS Thomas J. Balkin Department of Behavioral Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Division of Neuroscience, Silver Spring, Maryland Daniel A. Beard Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center and Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Gregory Belenky Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington Patrick L. Benitez Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA Marc Breton University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia Emre Brookes Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas Yang Cao Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia William Clarke University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia Borries Demeler Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San