Reviews In Computational Chemistry

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Reviews in Computational Chemistry Volume 19 Reviews in Computational Chemistry Volume 19 Edited by Kenny B. Lipkowitz, Raima Larter, and Thomas R. Cundari Editor Emeritus Donald B. Boyd Kenny B. Lipkowitz Department of Chemistry Ladd Hall 104 North Dakota State University Fargo, North Dakota 58105-5516, USA [email protected] Raima Larter Division of Chemistry National Science Foundation 4201 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, Virginia 22230, USA [email protected] Thomas R. Cundari Department of Chemistry University of North Texas Box 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5070, USA [email protected] Donald B. Boyd Department of Chemistry Indiana University–Purdue University at Indianapolis 402 North Blackford Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-3274, USA [email protected] Copyright # 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: [email protected] Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993 or fax 317-572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic format. ISBN 0-471-23585-7 ISSN 1069-3599 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Preface Ed Koch, former mayor of New York City, was fond of saying ‘‘How am I doing?’’ That’s a question we asked ourselves recently. We have published over 100 chapters in this book series to date, and although we are confident that the material has been used heavily by the computational chemistry commun