M Y CM MY TOPICAL REVISION NOTES C O LEVEL O Level Biology Topical Revision Notes is a comprehensive guide based on the latest syllabus. It is written to provide candidates sitting for the O Level Biology examination with thorough revision material. Important concepts are presented in simple and concise points for easier reference. Relevant examples and diagrams are incorporated into the notes to facilitate the understanding of important concepts. O Level Topical Revision Notes Series: Mathematics Additional Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biology Science Physics Science Chemistry Science Biology CY REVISION NOTES BIOLOGY Lye Ai Fern BSc (Hons), PGDE BIOLOGY CMY Topical K Includes ü Comprehensive Revision Notes ü Effective Study Guide ISBN 978 981 288 018 5 BIOLOGY Lye Ai Fern BSc (Hons), PGDE SHINGLEE PUBLISHERS PTE LTD 120 Hillview Avenue #05-06/07 Kewalram Hillview Singapore 669594 Tel: 6760 1388 Fax: 6762 5684 e-mail:
[email protected] http://www.shinglee.com.sg All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the Publishers. First Published 2016 ISBN 978 981 288 018 5 Printed in Singapore PREFACE O Level Biology Topical Revision Notes has been written in accordance with the latest syllabus issued by the Ministry of Education, Singapore. This book is divided into 16 topics, each covering a topic as laid out in the syllabus. Important concepts are highlighted in each topic, with relevant examples and diagrams to help students better understand the concepts. We believe this book will be of great help to teachers teaching the subject and students preparing for their O Level Biology examination. Preface iii CONTENTS Topic 1 Cell Structure and Organisation 1 Topic 2 Movement of Substances 6 Topic 3 Biological Molecules 11 Topic 4 Nutrition in Humans 20 Topic 5 Nutrition in Plants 27 Topic 6 Transport in Flowering Plants 32 Topic 7 Transport in Humans 39 Topic 8 Respiration in Humans 51 Topic 9 Excretion in Humans 58 Topic 10 Homeostasis 65 Topic 11 Co-ordination and Response in Humans 70 Topic 12 Reproduction 82 Topic 13 Cell Division 95 Topic 14 Molecular Genetics 106 Topic 15 Inheritance 112 Topic 16 Organisms and their Environment 124 iv Contents TOPIC Cell Structure and Organisation 1 Objectives Candidates should be able to: (a) identify cell structures (including organelles) of typical plant and animal cells from diagrams, photomicrographs and as seen under the light microscope using prepared slides and fresh material treated with an appropriate temporary staining technique: • chloroplasts • cell surface membrane • cell wall • cytoplasm • cell vacuoles (large, sap-filled in plant cells, small, temporary in animal cells) • nucleus (b) identify the following membrane systems and organelles from diagrams and electron micrographs: • endoplasmic reticulum • mitochondria • Golgi body • ribosomes (c) state the functions of the membrane systems and organelles identified above (d) compare the structure of typical animal and plant cells (e) state, in simple terms, th