Biochemistry. The Chemical Reactions Of Living Cells,

Table of Contents Volume 1 Chapter 1. The Scene of Action 1 Chapter 2. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 39 Chapter 3. Determining Structures and Analyzing Cells 95 Chapter 4. Sugars, Polysaccharides, and Glycoproteins 161 Chapter 5. The Nucleic Acids 199 Chapter 6. Thermodynamics and Biochemical Equilibria 281 Chapter 7. How Macromolecules Associate 325 Chapter 8. Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Coats 379 Chapter 9. Enzymes: The Catalysts of Cells 455 Chapter 10. An Introduction to Metabolism 505 Chapter 11. The Regulation of Enzymatic Activity and Metabolism 535 Chapter 12. Transferring Groups by Displacement Reactions 589 Chapter 13. Enzymatic Addition, Elimination, Condensation, and Isomerization: Roles for Enolate and Carbocation Intermediates 677 Chapter 14. Coenzymes: Nature’s Special Reagents 719 Chapter 15. Coenzymes of Oxidation – Reduction Reactions 765 Chapter 16. Transition Metals in Catalysis and Electron Transport 837 Table of Contents Volume 2 Chapter 17. The Organization of Metabolism 938 Chapter 18. Electron Transport, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Hydroxylation 1012 Chapter 19. The Chemistry of Movement 1088 Chapter 20. Some Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism 1128 Chapter 21. Specific Aspects of Lipid Metabolism 1180 Chapter 22. Polyprenyl (Isoprenoid) Compounds 1226 Chapter 23. Light and Life 1272 Chapter 24. The Metabolism of Nitrogen and Amino Acids 1358 Chapter 25. Metabolism of Aromatic Compounds and Nucleic Acid Bases 1420 Chapter 26. Biochemical Genetics 1472 Chapter 27. Organization, Replication, Transposition, and Repair of DNA 1528 Chapter 28. The Transcription of Genes 1602 Chapter 29. Ribosomes and the Synthesis of Proteins 1668 Chapter 30. Chemical Communication Between Cells 1740 Chapter 31. Biochemical Defense Mechanisms 1830 Chapter 32. Growth and Development 1878 Front matter Vol 2 10 2/14/03, 3:03 PM 938 Chapter 17. The Organization of Metabolism β Oxidation Fatty acids O CH3 CoA-SH C S FADH2 NADH CoA Glucose O C CO2 H H Acetyl-CoA NADH COO– H H HCO – 3 H2C –OOC H H2C H2O COO– COO– ADP + Pi NADH HO C H O2 C β Oxidation of fatty acids (above) and reactions of citric acid cycle (right) occur in mitochondria; conversion of glucose to pyruvate takes place in cytosol of animal cells –OOC C Citrate O COO– C COO– H H H2O COO– OH COO– C CH3 Pyruvate COO– C C COO– C H Electron Transport Chain 2H2O OH H H2C COO– NADH FADH2 O NADH C C –OOC S O H2C CoA COO– C C CH2 C COO– H2C H2C COO– GTP H2C CH2 CH2 –OOC