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CONTRIBUTORS Richard E. Chapman D. C. Green O. A. Jones Harry S. Ladd Alan R. Lloyd G. R. Orme J. A. Steers D. R. Stoddart H. H. Veeh BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY OF CORAL REEFS EDITED BY O. A. JONES Department of Geology University of Queensland St. Lucia, Brisbane Queensland, Australia R. ENDEAN Department of Zoology University of Queensland St. Lucia, Brisbane Queensland, Australia VOLUME IV: Geology 2 ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London 1977 A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers COPYRIGHT © 1977, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road. London NW1 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Jones, Owen Arthur. Biology and geology of coral reefs. Includes bibliographies. CONTENTS: v. 1. Geology l . - v . 2. Biology 1 . v. 3. Biology 2.—v. 4. Geology 2. 1. Coral reef biology-Collected works. 2. Coral reefs and islands-Collected works. I. Endean, R., joint author. II. Title. QH95.8J66 574.909V2 72-84368 ISBN 0 - 1 2 - 3 8 9 6 0 4 - 5 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA To the Great Barrier Reef Committee, its office-bearers and its many members who have worked unremittingly for fifty years to further our knowledge of the Great Barrier Reef; and to the memory of geologist Professor H. C. Richards, one of its founders, and biologist Professor E. J. Goddard, an early enthusiastic supporter LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. E. CHAPMAN, Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (107) RICHARD D. C. GREEN, Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (183) O. A. JONES, Department of Geology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (201, 205) HARRY S. LADD, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (1) ALAN R. LLOYD,* P. T. Geoservices Ltd., Bandung, Indonesia (261) G. R. ORME, Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (129, 267) J. A. STEERS, St. Catherine's College, Cambridge, England (21, 59) D. R. STODDART, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (21, 59) H. H. VEEH, School of Earth Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia (183) * Present address: 48A Jellicoe Street, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia. xi GENERAL PREFACE This four-volume work (two volumes covering geological and two biological topics) originated from an article on The Great Barrier Reefs of Australia written by the editors and published in the November 1967 issue of Science Journal. The prime aim of this treatise is to publish in one source as many as possible of the major advances made in the diverse facets of coral reef problems, advances scattered in a multitude of papers and published in a variety of journals. Initially a one-volume work was projected, but the wealth of material available led to this four-volume treatise. Two contain chapters on aspects of geomorphology, tectonics, sedimentology, hydrology, and radiometric chronology relevant to coral reefs, and two accommodate articles on pertinent biological topics. The task of organizi