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The three volumes of this handbook treat the fundamentals, technology and nanotechnology of nitride semiconductors with an extraordinary clarity and depth. They present all the necessary basics of semiconductor and device physics and engineering together with an extensive reference section. Volume 3 deals with nitride semiconductor devices and device technology. Among the application areas that feature prominently here are LEDs, lasers, FETs and HBTs, detectors and unique issues surrounding solar blind detection.
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Hadis Morkoc¸ Handbook of Nitride Semiconductors and Devices Related Titles Piprek, J. (ed.) Nitride Semiconductor Devices: Principles and Simulation 2007. Hardcover ISBN: 978-3-527-40667-8 Adachi, S. Properties of Group-IV, III-V and II-VI Semiconductors 2005. Hardcover ISBN: 978-0-470-09032-9 Ruterana, P., Albrecht, M., Neugebauer, J. (eds.) Nitride Semiconductors Handbook on Materials and Devices 2003. Hardcover ISBN: 978-3-527-40387-5 Ng, K. K. Complete Guide to Semiconductor Devices 2002. Hardcover ISBN: 978-0-471-20240-0 Hadis Morkoç Handbook of Nitride Semiconductors and Devices Vol. 3: GaN-based Optical and Electronic Devices The Author Prof. Dr. Hadis Morkoç Virginia Commonwealth University Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Richmond, VA USA All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Library of Congress Card No.: applied for British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at . # 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Typesetting Thomson Digital, Noida, India Printing Strauss GmbH, Mörlenbach Binding Litges & Dopf GmbH, Heppenheim Cover SPIESZDESIGN GbR, Neu-Ulm Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed on acid-free paper ISBN: 978-3-527-40839-9 V Contents Preface XI Color Tables XIX 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7.1 1.7.2 1.8 1.9 1.9.1 1.9.1.1 1.9.1.2 1.9.1.3 1.9.1.4 1.9.1.5 1.9.2 1.9.3 1.9.4 1.10 1.10.1 1.10.2 1.11 Light-Emitting Diodes and Lighting 1 Introduction 1 Current-Conduction Mechanism in LED-Like Structures 4 Optical Output Power 6 Losses and Efficiency 7 Current Crowding 11 Packaging 15 Perception of Visible Light and Color 22 Visible-Light Terminology 27 Luminous Efficacy 29 Chromaticity Coordinates and Color Temperature 30 Inroads by LEDs 33 Nitride LED Performance 37 LEDs on Sapphire Substrates 38 Blue and Green LEDs 40 Amber LEDs 47 UV LEDs 48 Resonant Cavity-Enhanced LED 55 Effect of Threading Dislocation on LEDs 57 LEDs on SiC Substrates 60 LEDs on Si Substrates 61 LEDs Utilizing Rare Earth Transitions 62 On the Nature of Light Emission in Nitride-Based LEDs 64 Pressure Dependence of Spectra 65 Current and Temperature Dependence of Spectra 67 LED Degradation 70 Handbook of Nitride Semiconductors and