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Technologies and Systems for Access and Transport Networks For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Mobile Communications Series, turn to the back of this book. Technologies and Systems for Access and Transport Networks Jan A. Audestad artechhouse.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN-13: 978-1-59693-299-9 Cover design by Igor Valdman © 2008 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my wife Synnøve Contents Preface CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Evolution of Telecommunications 1.2 What Is Important Knowledge: Generic Technologies or Detailed System Overviews? 1.3 Composition of the Text CHAPTER 2 Networks and Services 2.1 Access, Transport, and Platform 2.1.1 Transport of Bits 2.1.2 Routing 2.1.3 Mobility 2.2 Types of Networks 2.2.1 Transport (or Backbone) Network 2.2.2 Access Networks 2.3 Stupid and Intelligent Networks 2.3.1 Concept 2.3.2 A Note on the Protocol Structure of the Internet 2.3.3 The Line of Demarcation Between Network and Application in the Internet 2.3.4 Network Neutrality 2.3.5 The Commercial Life Below the Demarcation Line 2.3.6 Is There Any Business for the Network Operator Above the Demarcation Line? 2.4 Overlay Access 2.5 Domains and Interworking 2.6 Heterogeneity 2.7 Real-Time and Nonreal-Time Systems 2.8 Backward Compatibility 2.8.1 Commercial Reasons 2.8.2 Technological Reasons 2.8.3 Political Reasons xv 1 1 3 5 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 13 13 14 16 18 19 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 30 vii viii Contents 2.9 Standards 2.10 Access to the Common: Regulation of the Utilization of the Frequency Spectrum CHAPTER 3 Synchronization 3.1 Definitions 3.1.1 Synchronous 3.1.2 Asynchronous 3.1.3 Plesiochronous 3.1.4 Isochronous 3.1.5 Anisochronous 3.2 Reality Is Not So Simple: Bits, Words, Envelopes, and Frames 3.3 How to Acquire Synchronism: Phase-Locked Loop 3.3.1 Description of the Loop 3.3.2 Applications 3.4 Synchronization in Synchronous Networks 3.4.1 What Type of Synchronization Is Required? 3.4.2 Clock Hierarchies 3.4.3 Master-Slave (Link-by-Link) Synchronization 3.4.4 Signal Restoration: Elastic Store 3.5 Interconnection of Plesiochronous Networks: Application of Elastic Store 3.6 Synchronization of Envelopes of Constant Length 3.6.1 Direct Acquisition and Tracking of Envelopes 3.6.2 Acquisition and Tracking Using Error Detection: ATM Synchronization 3.7 Synchronization of Radio Systems 3.7.1 General Synchronization Sequences in TDMA and Random Access Systems 3.7.2 GSM: Timing Advance Procedure 3.7.3 Wireless LAN: Finding the Information in Sporadically Transmitted Frames 3.7.4 Satellite Systems: Managing Long Delays 3.7.5 Application of Scrambling and Interleaving 30 33 37 37 37 37 38 39 39 39 43 43 45 50 50 51 52 53 54 55 55 57 60 60 62 66 67 71 CHAPTER 4 Multiplexing 73 4.1 Multiplex Structures 4.2 Static Multiplexing: Frequency Division Multiplexing 4.2.1 Principle 4.2.2 Translatio