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This page intentionally left blank The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology Providing an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the classical and the contemporary, this volume is an indispensable guide to the vibrant and expanding field of sociology. Featuring over 600 entries, from concise definitions to discursive essays, written by leading international academics, the Dictionary offers a truly global perspective, examining both American and European traditions and approaches. Entries cover schools, theories, theorists, and debates, with substantial articles on all key topics in the field. While recognizing the richness of historical sociological traditions, the Dictionary also looks forward to new and evolving influences such as cultural change, genetics, globalization, information technologies, new wars, and terrorism. Most entries incorporate references for further reading, and a cross-referencing system enables easy access to related areas. This Dictionary is an invaluable reference work for students and academics alike and will help to define the field of sociology in years to come. BRYAN S. TURNER is Professor of Sociology in the Asia Research Institute at the National University of Singapore, where he leads the research team for the Religion and Globalisation cluster. Prior to this, he was Professor of Sociology in the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Cambridge. Professor Turner is the author of The New Medical Sociology (2004) and Society and Culture: Principles of Scarcity and Solidarity (with Chris Rojek, 2001), and is the founding editor of the Journal of Classical Sociology (with John O’Neill), Body & Society (with Mike Featherstone), and Citizenship Studies. He is currently writing a three-volume study on the sociology of religion for Cambridge University Press. BOARD OF EDITORIAL ADVISORS Ira Cohen, Rutgers University Jeff Manza, Northwestern University Gianfranco Poggi, Universita di Trento Beth Schneider, University of California, Santa Barbara Susan Silbey, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Carol Smart, University of Leeds The Cambridge Dictionary of SOCIOLOGY General Editor BRYAN S. TURNER CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521832908 © Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2006 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-511-37145-5 ISBN-10 0-511-37145-4 eBook (NetLibrary) hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-83290-8 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-83290-X paperback ISBN-13 978-0-521-54046-9 paperback ISBN-10 0-521-54046-1 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. To the memory of my parents Sophia Turner (ne´e Brookes) and Stanley W. Turner Contents List of contributors page viii Acknowledgments x Introduction xi How to use this Dictionary xix THE DICTIONARY vii List of contributors Gabriel Abend, Northwestern University Gary L. Albrecht, University of Illinois, Chicago Jeffrey Alexander, Yale University Tomas Almaguer, San Francisco State Univers