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Gilles Deleuze, a major figure in the intellectual history of the late-20th century, inaugurated the radical non-Hegelianism that has marked French intellectual life during the past three decades. Many poststructuralist and postmodernist practices can be traced to Deleuze's 1962 resurrection of Nietzsche against Hegel. Hardt shows how Deleuze's early analysis of Bergson's critique of ontology and determination led him to a conception of a positive movement of differentiation and becoming, which in turn led him to the field of forces, sense, value, and the thematic of power and affirmation in Nietzsche. The theory of power in Nietzsche provided the link for Deleuze to an ethics of active expression in Spinoza: Deleuze's discovery and analysis of Spinoza's cultivation of joy and practice at the center of ontology finally resulted in a complete break from the Hegelian paradigm that had reigned over continental philosophy and history. Michael Hardt is the translator of Antonio Negri's "The Savage Anomaly: the Power of Spinoza's Metaphysics and Politics" (Minnesota, 1990), Giorgio Agamben's "The Coming Community" (Minnesota, 1993), and co-author (with Antonio Negri) of "Labor of Dionysus" (Minnesota).
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Gilles Deleuze
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Gilles Deleuze An Apprenticeship in Philosophy
Michael Hardt
University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis London
Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota Cover photographs of Baruch Spinoza, Henri Bergson, and Friedrich Nietzsche: copyright by Roger-Viollet in Paris. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by the University of Minnesota Press 111 Third Avenue South, Suite 290, Minneapolis, MN 55401-2520 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Third printing, 2002 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publicatioii Data Hardt, Michael. Gilles Deleuze : an apprenticeship in philosophy / Michael Hardt. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8166-2160-8 (acid-free).—ISBN 0-8166-2161-6 (pbk. : acid-free) 1. Deleuze, Gilles. I. Tide. B2430.D454H37 1993 194—dc20
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Contents
Acknowledgments
vii
Introduction: Hegel and the Foundations of Poststructuralism ix Preliminary Remark The Early Deleuze: Some Methodological Principles xvii Chapter 1. Bergsonian Ontology: The Positive Movement of Being 1 1.1 Determination and Efficient Difference 1.2 Multiplicity in the Passage from Quality to Quantity 1.3 The Positive Emanation of Being 1.4 The Being of Becoming and the Organization of the Actual Remark: Deleuze and Interpretation Chapter 2. Nietzschean Ethics: From Efficient Power to an Ethics of Affirmation 26 2.1 The Paradox of Enemies 2.2 The Transcendental Method and the Partial Critique Remark: Deleuze's Selection of the "Impersonal" Nietzsche 2.3 Slave Logic and Efficient Power Remark: The Resurgence of Negativity 2.4 Slave Labor and the Insurrectional Critique Remark: The Will to Workers' Power and the Social Synthesis V
vi
CONTENTS
2.5 The Being of Becoming: The Ethical Synthesis of the Efficient Will 2.6 The Total Critique as the Foundation of Being Remark: The End of Deleuze's Anti-Hegelianism 2.7 Pathos and Joy: Toward a Practice of Affirmative Being Chapter 3: Spinozian Practice: Affirmation and Joy 56 Speculation 3.1 Substance and the Real Distinction: Singularity 3.2 Expressive Attributes and the Formal Distinction: Univocity Remark: Ontological Speculation 3.3 The Powers of Being Ontological Exp