NONEQUILIBRIUM PHENOMENA IN PLASMAS ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY VOLUME 321 EDITORIAL BOARD Chairman W.B. BURTON, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A. W (
[email protected]); University of Leiden, The Netherlands (
[email protected]) Executive Committee Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands J. M. E. KUIJPERS, F E. P. J. VAN DEN HEUVEL, Astronomical Institute, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands H. VAN DER LAAN, Astronomical Institute, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands MEMBERS I. APPENZELLER, Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Konigstuhl, K¨ Germany J. N. BAHCALL, The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, U.S.A. F. BERTOLA, Universita t ´ di Padova, P Italy J. P. CASSINELLI, University of Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A. C. J. CESARSKY, Centre d’Etudes de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France O. ENGVOLD, Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Norway R. McCRAY, University of Colorado, JILA, Boulder, U.S.A. P. G. MURDIN, Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, U.K. F. PACINI, Istituto Astronomia Arcetri, Firenze, Italy V. RADHAKRISHNAN, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India K. SATO, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan F. H. SHU, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A. B. V. SOMOV, Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Russia R. A. SUNYAEV, Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia Y. TANAKA, N Institute of Space & Astronautical Science, Kanagawa, Japan S. TREMAINE, CITA, Princeton University, U.S.A. N. O. WEISS, University of Cambridge, U.K. Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Plasmas Edited by A. SURJALAL SHARMA University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A. and PREDHIMAN K. KAW Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, India A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-10 1-4020-3108-4 (HB) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York ISBN-10 1-4020-3109-2 (e-book) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3108-3 (HB) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3109-0 (e-book) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York Published by Springer P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. P Cover Images The background is an image of an aurora – one of the spectacular manifestations of substorms. Photograph by Nori Sakamoto (http://www.auroraphoto.net/). The four frames in the foreground represent cases of nonequilibrium phenomena. Clockwise from the top right: the distribution of magnetospheric response for different solar wind conditions (Sharma et al., Chapter 6), the renormalization-group trajectories and fixed points (Chang et al., Chapter 3), the hysteresis loop from a simulation of dusty plasmas (Ganguli et al., Chapter 13), and the self-similarity of particle flux in the scrape-off layer of ADITYA tokamak (Jha et al., Chapter 9). Printed on acid-free paper springeronline.com All Rights Reserved C 2005 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser o