ADVANCES IN CANCER RESEARCH VOLUME 37 Contributors to This Volume Kari Alitalo Jan Klein J. Michael Bishop Gilbert Lenoir Carmia Borek Arnold J. Levine Elisabeth Gateff Zoltan A. Nagy George Klein Kenneth Nilsson Antti Vaheri ADVANCES IN CANCERRESEARCH Edited by GEORGE KLEIN Department of Tumor Biology Karolinska lnstitutet Stockholm, Sweden SIDNEY WEINHOUSE Fels Research Institute Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Volume 37-1982 ACADEMIC PRESS A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers New York London Paris San Diego San Francisco SBo Paulo Sydney Tokyo Toronto COPYRIGHT @ 1982, B Y ACADEMIC PRESS,INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDlNG PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, N e w York 10003 United Kitigdoni Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NWl 7DX LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARDNUMBER:52-1 3360 ISBN 0-12-006637-8 PRINTED IN THE UNlTED STATES OF AMERICA 82 83 84 85 9 8 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Retroviruses and Cancer Genes J . MICHAEL BISHOP I. I1. 111. IV. V. VI . VII . VIII . IX . X. XI . XI1. XI11. XIv. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introducing Retrovirus Oncogenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties of Retrovirus Oncogenes and Their Products . . . . . . . . . . . The Origin of Retrovirus Oncogenes: Emergence of the Thesis. . . . . . . . The Discovery of c-oncs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Characterizing c-oncs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c-oncs Are Cellular Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Expression of c-oncs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proteins Encoded by C-ORCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How Similar Are Viral Oncogenes and c-oncs? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Are c-oncs Members of a Multigene Family? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How Might Retroviruses Transduce Cellular Genes? . . . . . . . . . . . . What Is the Function of c-oncs in Normal Cells?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Paradox of Neoplastic Transformation by Retrovirus Oncogenes . . . . . xv. Does the Homology between Viral Oncogenes and c-oncs Dictate the Host Range of Viral Transformation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . Do c-oncs Provide a Pathway for Oncogenesis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . Conclusion: The Pursuit of Cancer Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 6 7 8 10 12 12 13 14 16 17 20 21 22 23 26 28 Cancer. Genes. and Development: The Drosophila Case ELISABETH GATEFF I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1. Drosophila Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. General Information on the Drosophilu Tumor Mutants . IV. Description of the Drosophila Tumor Mutants . . . . . V. Viruses Found in Drosophila Tumor Cells . . . . . . V I . Retroviral Oncogenes and Their Cellular Counterparts in Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . Transfection and Vertebrate Tumor Genes: A Comparison VIII . Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V 33 34 . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . . . . . . . . 37 . . .