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Phonology Cognitive Linguistics in Practice (CLiP) A text book series which aims at introducing students of language and linguistics, and scholars from neighboring disciplines, to established and new fields in language research from a cognitive perspective. The books in the series are written in an attractive, reader-friendly and self-explanatory style. They include assignments and have been tested for classroom use at university level. Executive Editor Günter Radden University of Hamburg Editorial Board René Dirven Ted J.M. Sanders Suzanne Kemmer Soteria Svorou Kee Dong Lee Elżbieta Tabakowska Klaus-Uwe Panther Marjolijn H. Verspoor University of Duisburg-Essen Rice University Yonsei University University of Hamburg University of Utrecht San Jose State University Cracow University University of Groningen Johanna Rubba California Polytechnic State University Volume 3 Phonology. A cognitive grammar introduction by Geoffrey S. Nathan Phonology A cognitive grammar introduction Geoffrey S. Nathan Wayne State University John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia 4- The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nathan, Geoffrey S. Phonology : a cognitive grammar introduction / by Geoffrey S. Nathan. p. cm. -- (Cognitive Linguistics in Practice, issn 1388-6231 ; v. 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Grammar, Comparative and general--Phonology. 2. Cognitive grammar. I. Title. P217.N38 2008 414--dc22 ISBN 978 90 272 1907 7 (Hb; alk. paper) 978 90 272 1908 4 (Pb; alk. paper) 2008030015 © 2008 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Company • P.O. Box 36224 • 1020 me Amsterdam • The Netherlands John Benjamins North America • P.O. Box 27519 • Philadelphia PA 19118-0519 • USA Table of contents Preface chapter 1 Introduction to phonology 1.1 Preamble 1 1.2 A short history of phonology 2 1.3 The basic building blocks of phonology 6 chapter 2 A brief overview of phonetics 2.1 Basic classes 11 2.2 Manner of articulation 14 2.3 Points of articulation 14 2.4 Laryngeal and other features 17 2.5 Vowels 18 2.6 Suprasegmentals 21 2.7 Exercises 25 chapter 3 Phonemes: The fundamental category 3.1 Phonemes, allophones and other basic bits 28 3.2 How to find phonemes 30 3.3 Phoneme inventories 33 3.4 Phoneme discovery exercises 40 chapter 4 Syllables, feet, words: Phonological constructions 4.1 Groups of sounds 43 4.2 The internal structure of the syllable 47 4.3 The sonority hierarchy 47 4.4 Between syllables 53 4.5 Feet 54 4.6 The word as a unit 56 4.7 Exercises 58 ix 1 11 27 43 vi Phonology: A Cognitive Grammar Introduction chapter 5 Processes – The forces shaping phonology 5.1 Introduction to processes and features 59 5.2 Major class features 60 5.2.1 Sonorant 60 5.2.2 Consonantal 61 5.2.2.1 Approximant 61 5.3 Manner features 61 5.3.1 Continuant 62 5.3.2 Nasal 62 5.3.3 Strident 62 5.3.4 Lateral 62 5.4 Point of articulation features 63 5.4.1 Labial 63 5.4.2 Coronal 63 5.4.2.1 Distributed 63 5.4.2.2 Anterior 63 5.4.2.3 Strident 64 5.4.3 Dorsal 64 5.4.4 Guttural 64 5.5 Basic vowel features 64 5.6 Translation equivalents 67 5.6.1 Laryngeal features 67 5.6.1.1 Spread glottis 67 5.6.1.2 Constricted glottis 67 5.7 Stres