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General Linguistics AN INTRODUCTORY SURVEY
INDIANA UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND THEORY OF LINGUISTICS EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
THOMAS A. SEBEOK, Chairman Indiana University CHARLES A. FERGUSON Center for Applied Linguistics of the Modern Language Association ERIC P. HAMP University of Chicago
DELL H. HYMES University of Pennsylvania
JOHN LOTZ Columbia University
General Linguistics AN INTRODUCTORY SURVEY
by
R. H. Robins
INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS BLOOMINGTON
Copyright © 1964 by R. H. Robins First published in the United States 1965 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 65-21146 Manufactured in the United States of America
Contents
PREFACE
xiii
SYSTEM OF REFERENCE
xvii
TRANSCRIPTIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
xxi
I· GENERAL LINGUISTICS: THE SCOPE OF THE,SUBJECT
1
1'1
GENERAL LINGUISTICS AS THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE
I .I .I I . I .2 I . I .3
Language and languages Descriptive, historical, and comparative linguistics The term philology .
I· 2 LINGUISTICS AS A SCIENCE I -2 - I Implications of the term science 1-2' 2 Practical applications 1-3 THE RANGE OF GENERAL LINGUISTICS I - 3 - I Levels of analysis I - 3 -2 Language and symbol systems I - 3 -3 'The origin of language' I- 3 -4 Phonetics, phonology, grammar, semantics
1 1 4 6 ,7
7 10 11
11 13 15 17 v
CONTENTS 1 -4 1-4-1 l' 4' 2 1 - 4 -3 I -4 . 4
Philosophical and.linguistic interest in meaning Word meaning Context of situation Translation
20 20 21 26 28
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
32
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR CHAPTER 1
37
NOTES TO CHAPTER I
40
2' THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
44
SEMANTI CS
2· 1 ABSTRACTIONS 2 - I . I The status of linguistic abstractions 2' I . 2 Structural linguistics: syntagmatic and paradigmatic
44 44
relations
47
DIALECT, IDIOLECT, STYLE
Dialects as subdivisions of languages Dialect mapping: isoglosses Class dialects and,' standard languages' 2·2' 4 Criteria for determining dialect status 2 -2 - 5 Linguistic tendencies affecting dialectal divisions
50 50 53 56 58 60
2-3
GENERAL AND PARTICULAR
63
2-4
THE STRUCTURAL TREATMENT OF LINGUISTIC MEANING
2-2 2 -2 -1 2-2'2 2 . 2' 3
2' 4' I
The distributional analysis of meaning 2' 4' 2 Collocation 2· 4' 3 Semantic field theory
3'1
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR CHAPTER 2
75
NOTES TO CHAPTER 2
78
3'
82
PHONETICS
ARTICULATORY PHONETICS
3' 1 . 1 The spoken foundation of language vi
66 66 67 70
82 82
CONTENTS
3 . I ·2 Primacy oj articulatory phonetics 3 . I . 3 The physiological basis oj speaking
83 86
3.2 THE ORGANS OF SPEECH 3 ·2· I The glottis 3 . 2 . 2 The supraglottal organs oj speech 3 ·2· 3 Nasalization
88 88
89 90
3·3 3 .3 . I 3.3.2 3·3·3 3 . 3 .4
SEGMENTATION: VOWEL AND CONSONANT
3·4
ACOUSTIC PHONETICS
104
3·5 3 .5 . I 3 .5 .2 3 .5 .3 3·5·4 3·5·5
PLURISEGMENTAL FEATURES
The continuum oj articulation Supraglottal Jeatures Stress Pitch Voice quality
106 106 107 108
3·6
PHONETICS IN LINGUISTICS
Segmentation Vowels and consonants: transcription Vowels Consonants
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR CHAPTER NOTES TO CHAPTER
4·
90 90
91 95 99
110 113
115
3
3
PHONOLOGY
117
119 121
4· I
SPEECH AND WRITING
121
4·2
N