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Friction force microscopy is an important analytical tool in the field of tribology on the nanometer-scale. The contact area between the probing tip and the sample is reduced to some square nanometers, corresponding to the ideal of a single asperity contact. Traditional concepts, such as friction coefficients, adhesion and elasticity and stick-slip are re-examined with this novel technique. New concepts based upon classical and quantum mehanics are investigated.
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Nanoscience Friction and Rheology on the Nanometer Scale
Nanoscience Friction and Rheology on the Nanometer Scale
E Meyer University of Basel
RM Overney University of Washington
K Dransfeld University of Konstanz
T Gyalog University of Basel
orld Scientific New Jersey. London Hong Kong
Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
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British Library Cataloguing-in-PublicationData A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
First published 1998 Reprinted 2002
NANOSCIENCE: FRICTION AND RHEOLOGY ON THE NANOMETER SCALE Copyright 0 1998 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Re. Ltd All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof; may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher.
ISBN 981-02-2562-8
Printed in Singapore by Mainland Press
Foreword “Nanoscience: Friction and Rheology on the Nanometer Scale” is intended to give an introduction for students and to give an overview of previous work for beginners in the field. It may also help to distribute knowledge amomg experienced researchers. Friction and rheology are multidisciplinary research topics. The journals, where these subjects are covered, are related to physics, chemistry, mechanical and electrical engineering and others. An introduction to the topics will be given in Chapter I and subsequent chapters will treat subjects, such as the description of instruments (Chapter 11), the understanding of normal (Chapter 111) and lateral forces (Chapter IV) and various application examples and instrumental aspects of friction force microscopy (Chapter VIII and Appendix). Chapter VI gives an overview of rheology on the nanometerscale. Chapter VII gives insights into the relationship between ultrasonics and friction. Chapters I, IV and V were written by Tibor Gyalog and E.M. Chapter VI was written by R e d Overney and Chapter VII by Klaus Dransfeld. Chapters 11,111, VIII and the Appendix by E.M. The book was written during the years 1995-1998. R.O. wishes to thank Mingyan He and Lily Quan for their help with artwork and editing and the Exxon Research Foundation and the Royal Research Foundation of the University of Washington for financial support. Special thanks to Roland Luthi, Jane Frommer, Masamichi Fujihira, Gregor Overney, Loris Scandella, Lukas Howald, Winfried Gutmannsbauer, Thomas Bonner , Dominique Brodbeck, Harry Heinzelmann and Henry Haefke, who contributed a lot to this book. Alexis Baratoff, Hans-Joachim Guntherodt, Harry Thomas are gratefully acknowledged for their discussions and support and Jacqueline Vetter for all the secretary work and many nice discussions. Also, special thanks to Martin Bammerlin, Martin Guggisberg, Christian Loppacher, Thomas Lehmann, Felice Bat