Nanoscience: Friction And Rheology On The Nanometer Scale

Nanoscience Friction and Rheology on the Nanometer Scale Nanoscience Friction and Rheology on the Nanometer Scale E Meyer University of Basel RM Overney University of Washington K Dransfeld University of Konstanz T Gyalog University of Basel orld Scientific New Jersey. London Hong Kong Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. P 0 Box 128, F a r Road, Singapore 912805 USA ofice: Suite lB, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 UK ofice: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-PublicationData A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. First published 1998 Reprinted 2002 NANOSCIENCE: FRICTION AND RHEOLOGY ON THE NANOMETER SCALE Copyright 0 1998 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Re. Ltd All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof; may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 981-02-2562-8 Printed in Singapore by Mainland Press Foreword “Nanoscience: Friction and Rheology on the Nanometer Scale” is intended to give an introduction for students and to give an overview of previous work for beginners in the field. It may also help to distribute knowledge amomg experienced researchers. Friction and rheology are multidisciplinary research topics. The journals, where these subjects are covered, are related to physics, chemistry, mechanical and electrical engineering and others. An introduction to the topics will be given in Chapter I and subsequent chapters will treat subjects, such as the description of instruments (Chapter 11), the understanding of normal (Chapter 111) and lateral forces (Chapter IV) and various application examples and instrumental aspects of friction force microscopy (Chapter VIII and Appendix). Chapter VI gives an overview of rheology on the nanometerscale. Chapter VII gives insights into the relationship between ultrasonics and friction. Chapters I, IV and V were written by Tibor Gyalog and E.M. Chapter VI was written by R e d Overney and Chapter VII by Klaus Dransfeld. Chapters 11,111, VIII and the Appendix by E.M. The book was written during the years 1995-1998. R.O. wishes to thank Mingyan He and Lily Quan for their help with artwork and editing and the Exxon Research Foundation and the Royal Research Foundation of the University of Washington for financial support. Special thanks to Roland Luthi, Jane Frommer, Masamichi Fujihira, Gregor Overney, Loris Scandella, Lukas Howald, Winfried Gutmannsbauer, Thomas Bonner , Dominique Brodbeck, Harry Heinzelmann and Henry Haefke, who contributed a lot to this book. Alexis Baratoff, Hans-Joachim Guntherodt, Harry Thomas are gratefully acknowledged for their discussions and support and Jacqueline Vetter for all the secretary work and many nice discussions. Also, special thanks to Martin Bammerlin, Martin Guggisberg, Christian Loppacher, Thomas Lehmann, Felice Bat