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This work provides a background to the Northern Ireland conflict. The authors investigate the human effect of the violence, looking at the geographical, religious, gender and age distribution of deaths due to the "troubles". They analyse the impact of the activities of the various armed participants, and examine the relationship between deprivation and levels of violence. Looking at suicide rates, levels of prescribed drug use, and mental health admissions, they examine the social impact of the conflict. They then compare this with the impact on the economy - GDP, unemployment levels, and public expenditure, putting forward a positive agenda for dealing with the effects of conflict, and for moving away from violence, towards peace.
E-Book Content
NORTHERN IRELAND’S TROUBLES The Human Costs
Marie-Therese Fay, Mike Morrissey and Marie Smyth
Pluto
P
Press
LONDON • STERLING, VIRGINIA
in association with
The Cost of the Troubles Study
First published 1999 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA and 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166–2012, USA Copyright © Marie-Therese Fay, Mike Morrissey and Marie Smyth 1999 The right of Marie-Therese Fay, Mike Morrissey and Marie Smyth to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7453 1379 5 hbk Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Fay, Marie-Therese, 1973– Northern Ireland’s troubles: the human costs/Marie-Therese Fay, Mike Morrissey, and Marie Smyth. p. cm. — (Contemporary Irish studies) Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0–7453–1379–5 (hbk.) 1. Northern Ireland—History. 2. Political violence—Social aspects—Northern Ireland—History—20th century. 3. Political violence—Economic aspects—Northern Ireland—History—20th century. 4. Victims of terrorism—Northern Ireland—History—20th century. 5. Violent deaths—Northern Ireland—History—20th century. I. Morrissey, Michael, 1940– II. Smyth, Marie, 1953– III. Title. IV. Series. DA990.U46 F39 1999 941.6—dc21 98–45434 CIP Disclaimer: Some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook.
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Contents List of Tables List of Figures Acknowledgements Introduction Map of Northern Ireland CONTEXT
vi viii ix 1 7 9
Outlines of Protagonists A Chronology of Key Events
11 25
1 Northern Ireland, a State in Conflict 2 Understanding Political Violence in Northern Ireland 3 Economic and Social Aspects of the Troubles
51 73 95
THE HUMAN COST OF THE TROUBLES 4 Profiling Those who Died in Northern Ireland’s Troubles 5 Patterns of Violence 6 Victims and Perpetrators 7 Half the Battle: The Impact of the Troubles on Children 8 Conclusions and Next Steps Notes References Index
119
121 133 156 180 201 210 212 221
List of Tables 1.1 1.2
Average Unemployment, 1922–29 Unemployment Rates, Great Britain and N. Ireland, 1931–39 1.3 Rates of Unemployment (Selected Regions) 1946–54 3.1 Religious Difference among Males in the Experience of Unemployment 3.2 Different Unemployment Rates between Religions, 1971–91 3.3 The Proportion of Households on Low Weekly ncomes, Selected Regions 3.4 Average Weekly Household Income by Religion 3.5 Employment in Externally Owned Manufacturing Plants in Northern Ireland 3.6 Average Weekly Household Incomes (£s), Selected Regions 3.7 Industrial Output, the UK and NI, 1983–89 (1985 = 100) 3.8 Percentage Chang